CORRUPTION, PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN CREATING GOOD GOVERNANCE:


                                                                Dr. Makmur
Fakulty of Languages and Communication, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI)
35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.

Dr. Muhadam Labolo
Institute of Public Administration (IPDN)
Jatinangor Highway KM. 20, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia

 
Abstract

Corruption is a bad culture that influences people from all levels of the society; individual, group, society and country, and this need to be curbed. Corruption can be considered as a disease that needs to be treated immediately to avoid spreading to others. Corruption has become a bad practice in certain countries including Malaysia and Indonesia, but the corruption in Indonesia has reached an alarming state compared to Malaysia. The phenomenon of corruption between Malaysia and Indonesia are varied in terms of application and prevention. In Malaysia, corruption focuses on autocracy whereas in Indonesia, it is more to bureaucracy. Thus, the problems and effects focused on the stability of a race or country in ruling its government.  The monarchy system in Malaysia and the democratic system in Indonesia can be considered as reasons on how corruption entered these two countries. Through this writing, the writer would like to raise the issue of corruption and its problems  that are evident in Malaysia and Indonesia as comparisons in the hope to create good governance which can be a reality to curb corruption in the daily life of the people in both countries with their own criteria, characteristic and pattern as a mean of realization and solution. It is also hoped that this writing will provide the platform to identify corruptions that exist in South-East Asia from time to time.

 

1.              Preliminary

This paper would like to analyze corruption, problems and challenges in two neighboring Countries namely Malaysia and Indonesia. Discussion of corruption, or religious concerns about corruption and the country against corruption will always attract discussed, although it never reached a definitive agreement and will not even capable will satisfy all parties. Said to be interesting, as each may be the perpetrator of a person, group or institution with institutionalization social backgrounds, cultures, languages, nations and countries that have implications for understanding the differences in the graft.

Symptoms of corruption is now entering in depth area which is hardly measurable. The horizontal spread of corruption in almost all branches of power, whether legislative, executive and judicial. Perched on a vertical line corruption in all levels of government, from the center of power to the lowest level. In the case of Indonesia, since the reforms have peak births (1998), corruption is like getting a decent place to breed. Corruption that had been grown evolve at the executive level, now gradually having some sort of social gathering from the legislative, judicial and executive back. Similarly in Malaysia, though not very visible form of corruption but he also effect to influence the level of power in the legislative, executive and judicial.

If the gap corruption dwell on four key issues other than the procurement of goods and services, it can be assumed 15 percent pertaining to the use of budget / budget vague, manipulation and local licensing and elections of regional heads that resulted in excess disbursement of money in the form of money politics.1 When compared to last year, until June 2011, symptoms of growing corruption has actually been detected by INTRAC, from 2258 there were 1153 reports of the financial transactions of suspicious transactions made ​​treasurer of the area. Modus bought the Bank Indonesia and deposit the money area. Besides the local treasurer, 376 heads and 339 area other officials of suspicious transactions.

Beyond the diversity of understanding and articulation in the two countries resulting from differences in social and political orientation, the method and the ability to understand the content, although all of them refer to the same source namely religion, nation and state. As a result, the concepts of government-run system in Indonesia is different from the royal system applied in Malaysia. By then, the territorial state, the state, and state leaders are very well marked many varied social and political orientation in the face of corruption, gaps and challenges.

Various kinds of consequences that have caused corruption including moral decadence, cultural, social want even aqidah. In general, it is in because of three factors as proposed again by Latif (2012:5-6) strengthens our belief that corruption is really necessary due to The first fight because, in Islam, through the concept of al-Qur’an and al-Hadith texts contained who speaks clearly and forcefully on the prohibition in practice because it is harmful to others. However, according to the Shafi'i Ma'arif, Islam provides general principles that form the basis and guide in political science, among others, must have a tendency to justice, equality, fraternity, and equality.(Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif (1996:124).

Secondly, distribution of power, as happened in Indonesia after the reform.3 Changes in the pattern of centralized to decentralized autonomous regions have shifted through corrupt practices that were previously dominated central government has become rampant in the area. This is consistent with the opinion that corruption follows Klitgaard power. Transitional authority ultimately just local corruption move from the center of power to local government, the policy of decentralization which paved the basis of symptoms of corruption. This condition is growing rapidly especially poor supervision and inadequate law enforcement community.

Thirdly, democratization at national and local level to stimulate the neoliberal policies that open intervention in the preparation of regulatory capital and the practice of bribery to ease investor interest in the competition. Bribery practices in the central and regional governments in smoothing tender transactions of goods and services as well as licensing smoothness can easily be identified in almost all levels of government. Fourth, the involvement of community participation in the democratic party event seemed driven by consciousness in determining the future of the region, but more on pragmatic interests which suck the cost of such expensive election.

Thus some corruption issues, gaps and challenges that need to be discussed in this paper, all these problems may be able to open a little number of ulcers long swells in our system of government in Indonesia want even happening in Malaysia.

2.              Definition, Roots, Cause and Corruption in Malaysia and Indonesia

Corruption or rasuah a criminal or fault legislation in which a person gets freedom, contract or privilege (Favours) of the ruling party or a companys after giving money, gifts, bonuses to certain parties. According to the Agency for the Prevention of Rasuah Malaysia, there are four major corruption errors namely asking / accepting bribes, bid / giving bribes, making false claims, abusing position rank, position or power.

Bribery is otherwise dammed causes many social problems occur because the law would not be adhered to properly. The activities criminal and injustice will prevail. Symptomatic of corruption through bribery by Klitgaard (1988:31) an act detrimental to the country. According to him, the behavior deviates from the formal duties as a state official currency gain or status regarding personal interests (personal, close family, his own group) or violating the rules of implementation through some personal behavior.

Klitgaard corruption is formulated as a result of monopoly power by the leader (monopoly of power) coupled with the high powers belong to someone (of official discretion) in the absence of adequate supervision of regulatory authorities (minus accountability). The extent of power tends to encourage the control of resources by an effective force. In this context the government or empire has broad powers and tends to a monopoly over the system that was designed in such a way. In an authoritarian system of government-centralized monopolistic symptoms are easy to grow and multiply.

Great power in the central government's discretion to give birth to perform a variety of public policy without effective control. This is where corruption symptoms appear allowing the opportunity to develop further. Nevertheless, the symptoms of corruption is not solely belong to the character authoritarian rule, countries are now turning to the democratic system has problems and challenges of corruption is more severe. This concern is confirmed Susan Rose Ackerman in view the problem of corruption in Italy, a shift from authoritarian to democratic rule does not in itself have an impact reduced bribery. 4 Even studies Weyland (1998:108) suggests that corruption tends to increase sharply even when the switch into the system democracy.3

Formulation Ramirez Torres (Maslikah, 2012:79) corruption is a crime calculations or calculations (crime of calculation), rather than the desire (passion). Some one will do corruption if the results obtained from higher corruption and larger than a small sentence and possible arrest. The views Torres though not many people think, but the fact shows the quantity of corruption continues to grow even though many actors have served in the countries of transition to democracy. Loss of feeling repentance deterrent and low corruption may have been caused by        a calculation of the gap between the act and the degree of punishment given load.

In the case of Indonesia, for example, the perpetrators of corruption to the value of billions to trillions of dollars is not unusual to only get sentenced to less than five years, or even the same as the punishment for a thief amateurs. The low penalty ultimately weaken the deterrent effect, it is much different when compared to the application of penalties for corrupt authoritarian in countries like China, Europe and even in Malaysia where the punishment receiver, the giver and the bribe and even corrupt intermediaries is in accordance with sentence. 

In connection with the root causes of corruption, Jack Bologne (Maslikah, 2012:80) suggested four important things that affect corruption. Firstly greed, greed and gluttony associated the perpetrators of corruption. Corruptors he is a person who is not satisfied with the situation himself. This step resulted in a high impulse to always satisfy her. Opportuniy Secondly, the system can also provide opportunities for corruption. Weak systems that limit the contiguity between the public bureaucracy in the affairs of the procurement of goods / services and licensing often makes a tradition of corruption. Thirdly need, mentality attitude never have enough, always loaded with needs that were never completed as the internal drive allows one to feel it is important to meet all the needs of the consumer himself. Fourth exposes, the punishment meted out to the perpetrators of corruption no deterrent effect for the offender and others.

Widespread corruption will cause a serious challenge to the development of a country, both in the political and economic sectors. In the political aspect, corruption slowly damages the democratic order and good governance of the country (good governance) through a breach or even destabilization process or formal procedures. In the economy, corruption can undermine economic development through the distortions and inefficiencies of public resources. At a certain level of corruption can be a cause economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects bribes and kick back when it happened.

Hence, the impact of an impression of corruption coloring political dynamics, the condition is reinforced by executive dominance that causes the loss of respect for the values ​​of good governance, accountability, transparency, and participation. Corruption also reduces the performance and values ​​in terms of the quality of government services and infrastructure by the government. At the pragmatic level corruption leads directly to a waste of resources, capital, running interference for investment, waste of expertise and assistance disappeared. At the extreme corruption cause instability, social revolution, and socio-cultural inequalities that occur in  a country.

3.              Overview of Malaysia and Indonesia

Indonesia and Malaysia are the two neighboring countries located in Southeast Asia in the continent of Asia. Both countries became important as the location of objects and speech writing.4 Negara Malaysia is as a first study. What conversations will be more focused in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya as the center of the Capital of Malaysia and 14 other countries that exist in Peninsular Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. For more details see the following map layout position notch Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia, precisely in the middle portion Selangor State and other countries, as in the following map:

Map 2

Map of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, Kuala lumpur is located in the middle of the peninsula surrounded by Selangor State and other countries.

Sources: Wikipedia, http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia, referred to chronicle, 15hb January 2010. 

While the location of the second conversation was focused precisely on the premises Special Capital Region (DKI) Jakarta as the center of the capital and other areas within the          33 provinces in Indonesia. The entire region could be seen in the map below to clarify the actual geographical position. Map of whole country Indonesia as follows:

 

Map 1

Maps covering the entire State of Indonesia with 33 (thirty-three) Province, originated from Aceh Darussalam Nangroe to Papua.

 


Source: Media Indonesia, chronicle 13hb Disember 2007.


The location of the two countries as seen in the map above, it can be demonstrated that free Malaysia and Indonesia countries, this is a very strategic area because of border with other countries in Southeast Asia in the continent of Asia. To see Malaysia is a country federation consisting of thirteen states and three territories courant fellowship in Southeast Asia, vast 329,847 square km. The capital is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya as its administrative fellowship,               a population exceeding 27 million. chief of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and government headed by a Prime Minister.  

 

Malaysia governance model similar to the parliamentary system Westminster. My Country Anthem, the largest city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia demonim Nation, Malay is official language (Bahasa Malaysia), currency is Malaysian Ringgit. Malaysia gained independence on Augus 31, In 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo, and the Federation of Malaya joined to form Malaysia on 16th September 1963. The early years of the new alliance plagued by armed conflict with Indonesia, and Singapore's on August 9, 1965.

Malays form the majority of the population of Malaysia, there are also communities of Chinese-Malaysia and India-Malaysia are quite large. Malay language and Islam became the language of each country and official religion. Malaysia is a pioneer member of ASEAN and participates in many international organizations such as the UN. As a former British colony, Malaysia is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations other than a member of the D-8.

 

Federation of Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. Chief of the Malaysian community is Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly called the King of Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong elected from and by nine Sultan Malaya Foreign Affairs, to serve for five years in rotation: four leaders of other countries, who holds Gubenor, did not participate in the election. As for the administrative, Malaysia has 13 states (11 in West Malaysia and 2 in East Malaysia) and 3 union territories        (all three areas combined into one fellowship in the flag of Malaysia) are represented as lines and corners fourteen stars in the flag of Malaysia called "Bright Path".

 

Kuala Lumpur is the official capital and largest city of Malaysia. Putrajaya on the other hand, is seen as a government administrative capital of Malaysia fellowship. Although many executive and judicial branches of government alliances have moved there (to avoid the growing congestion in Kuala Lumpur), but is still regarded as the legislative capital of Malaysia because that is home to the complex of buildings of Parliament Malaysia. It is also a center of trade and Malaysia finances.

 

The shape of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesia namely an island nation that is also known as the Archipelago Islands, lies between the land of Southeast Asia, Australia, Hindi Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. For ease of administration, the country was distributed to 33 provinces, the Special Region (DI), namely the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and two special autonomous regions namely Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Papua, as well as a Special Capital Region (DKI) namely Jakarta. Before the era of reform, Indonesia has 27 provinces, with East Timor is the 27th province in July 1976. However, East Timor was separated through a general election which later became the state of Timor Leste on May 20 2002.

 

Indonesia practice the system of democracy which is headed by a President, and Pancasila is the soul of democracy and idiologi’s. Democracy is based on the Five Principles is called Democracy Pancasila. Consisting of hundreds of tribal people and nation, the religion and beliefs vary. Among his people, including ethnic Batak, Karo, Javanese, Sundanese, Banjar, Bugis, Minang, Malays and others. Islam is the official religion and will major in Indonesia but other religions including Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism as well as a religion that is still recognized existence.

 

4.              Symptoms and Gap Corruption Governance in Indonesia and Malaysia

 

In Indonesia, corruption due to shifting distribution of power from the center to local governments after decentralization opened up a gap of corruption on four main variables, namely the mode usage and income budget expenditures, procurement, business licensing, and the excesses that lead to the election kada at pragmatic behavior level of voters.

 

Building on some of the above phenomenon, if observed activity at the level of government organization, there are four important aspects that cause corruption. First, with regard to the behavior of individuals who are internally motivated a desire, intention, or even the awareness to do. Second, aspects related to organizational governance the system of organizing society. Organizations that are victims of corruption or where corruption occurs normally contribute because it opens opportunities for corruption. Without the chance of corruption is relatively not happen.

 

Third, regulatory aspects, where acts of corruption easily arise because there are weaknesses in the regulation. The trend is monolistik regulation, lower quality, less socialized, sanctions are too mild, inconsistent application of sanctions and indiscriminately, lack of field evaluation and revision for the sake of making certain aspects of the regulation to be one open proponent of anti-corruption measures. Fourth, supervisory aspects agencies made ​​less effective because of several factors, such as overlapping oversight at various agencies, lack of professionalism supervisors, lack of coordination between supervisors, lack of adherence to ethics and the rule of law by the supervisors themselves.

 

5.              Interaction of Power and Political Elites Against Corruption in Indonesia and Malaysia

 

The trend solve problems outside the formal provisions are interesting behavior in public relations with the government today. This condition can be seen not only in the resolution of cases before the court, as well as in the government bureaucracy in general practice. At the practical level, the practice of local government bureaucracy showed similar symptoms. Someone will feel faster and more comfortable dealing with all forms of service in the bureaucracy if it can be through the back door. As far as services intended for the right purpose I think is not a problem, even relatively well, because the formal procedure is merely a tool to achieve that goal is actually even compromising ethical values. The trend of settlement outside the formal institutions is a vital service that is not only beneficial elements within the bureaucracy, but it also bears the social jealousy and discrimination, in addition to harming the country and for those who really believe that the formal channel is the only way to achieve the ideal they want.

 

Recruitment of civil servants, for example, those rankings are not necessarily passed if no record of compromise. Conversely, those who did not enter the ranking may appear suddenly as long as able to prepare a number of tributes which elements are able to build the negotiations, as well as tax evasion. The ways out of court settlement has been fertile collusion to the detriment of the state finance billions of dollars. Look at how symptoms mafia Gayus case to justice in Indonesia. Borrowing perspective of sociology of law Rahardjo (2010), a functional approach is much more sensible than spending energy through legal mechanisms and convoluted. Is not the ultimate goal is to solve the problem as expectation between the governing and the governed.

 

In the context of the government bureaucracy, behavioral problem solving beyond the normal custom in many cases have led to excesses of jealousy and social discrimination. Completion normative unusual pain bureaucracy was show as an organism living in the midst of society. As well as organisms, the key cause of social ills come from the symptoms of anomie.     A condition which, according to Durkheim (1974) limited the rules that govern social life in order. Void rules (vacuum of rule) is a source of potential confusion in Durkheim asserts that in creating a strong and orderly society, individual freedom can only be manifested when the beliefs and behavior of his best arranged through socialization.

Avoidance of government action are sometimes extreme of the repressive nature is only possible if the conditions of freedom of each individual is achieved through adherence to the government in which all activities are protected. If we agree that government organizations are organisms that live, grow and flourish, then all the elements involved in it at least shows the functions that support the passage of the overall system. Suffered a number of problems in the bureaucracy, even deliberately maintained and preserved for the long-term interests suggests that elements in it have not been working as it functions within the system encourages workings of government.

The condition is further compounded by the existence of the system of government itself, but also a threat that can affect the system in redesigning local government legislation and elections of regional heads and narrow the gap to control corruption in local government.5

a.              The use of budget

Revenue and Expenditure (Budget) is a systematic detailed list of receipts and disbursements or expenditures of regions within a certain period (one year). Budget has a strategic function as a function of allocation, distribution, stabilization, authorization, planning, control, distribution, intrumentasi, resources, and political stimulus. Meaningful budget allocation functions geared to creating jobs, reducing unemployment and waste of resources, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy. Distribution function in terms of attention to the sense of justice and propriety. Economic stabilization function means budget into a tool to maintain and pursue fundamental equilibrium of the regional economy.

Authorization function means budget becomes the basis for implementing revenue and expenditure for the year. Budget planning function as a guide for management and planning of the activities in question. Budget oversight function to be guidelines for assessing the activities of the regional administration in accordance with the provisions established. The function of resource allocation and income distribution function is very important, especially in an effort to improve the welfare of the community. The function of the principal instruments of creation of economic and social justice. The function of government administration (services, development and empowerment). Economic stimulus function, the function of the public interest. The function of political power for the welfare of the community.

Modus abuse the use of general budget includes an effort to multiply / increase the budget in order to increase the allowances and facilities for management and board members, budget funds for the purposes of the foundation board members through fictitious, manipulation of evidence of official travel, without the use of the remaining funds responsibly and without procedures, deviation procedures for filing and cash disbursements area, the remaining budget manipulation and manipulation in the procurement process. Efforts to increase the budget done by using a technical instrument that provides unlimited ceiling or taking even the highest limits the ability of the region in terms of finance and inadequate regional tipelogi. Swelling of the budget is actually not directly related to corruption head region, but the approval of the regional head allows the head area of responsibility in the matter.

These provisions are strictly regulate and limit the distribution of social grants and community organizations through a number of requirements. In the case of manipulation of trips made ​​by mode reproduce consultations, workshops, education and training, study visits and technical guidance. Swelling budget for travel expenses in the general employee has reached the brink area.6 Regional governments and parliaments as to believe that the use of budget through official travel is the safest way out of the threat of corruption. Ways so easy to find due to the lack of instruments to limit the frequency of head and DPR business trip in a week, a month or a year.7 Official travel budget allocation is done by simply estimating the average frequency of trips local heads of government and members of parliament in the previous year by taking the highest estimate.

The impact of anti-corruption measures using technical budget eventually eliminate the initial planning design focus, as well as more distant from the ideal functionality budget itself. Meaningful allocation functions to create jobs, reduce unemployment and waste of resources, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy moves into the budget allocation to individual persons or groups adjacent to the power. Distribution function in terms of attention to the sense of justice and propriety turned into injustice and impropriety. The indication can be seen in the accumulated wealth of a group of people, impoverishing the masses and show the consumer behavior among local elites. Economic stabilization function, which means budget into a tool to maintain and pursue fundamental equilibrium of the regional economy would lead to a deficit in the number of local governments.8

Wheels governments seem slow due to personnel expenditures exceed the durability of the economic fundamentals. Authorization function that makes budget as a basis for implementing revenue and expenditure has now become the basis of a deliberate legitimized a reference to efforts to legalize corruption in the eyes of the public. Budget planning function that should guide the management in planning activities as the basis for planning exchanging interests of local government, parliament and political parties. Budget oversight functions which serve as guidelines for assessing local governance activities become blurred over the wishes of head and parliament.

The function of the distribution of income, especially in improving the welfare of the people turning to efforts to improve the welfare of local government officials. Instrumentation function in creating economic and social justice to be justice-function switch for local governments alone. The function of government administration in the form of services, development and empowerment stagnated amid elite interests. The function of the stimulus in terms of economic growth away from expectations. Function to accommodate the interests of the community to deal with the bureaucracy. Finally, the function of political power for the welfare of the people fell into a political force to make the party.

b.              Procurement of Goods and Services
 
Almost no corruption loopholes expensive cost of procurement of goods and services, because most of the government's budget is used for public spending in various sectors. Here is the reason why 85% of the regional head play whirl of corruption in the procurement of goods and services. If the note even though the contract value per year for the procurement of goods and services is very large, in fact tenders always involves a lot of players (contractors) that opens opportunities for bribery, extortion, or any other illegal forms of payment. Bribery became the dominant mode for illegal payments to win major contracts and concessions in general has become a business opportunity for high-level officials and contractors. Technically bribery in the procurement of goods and services is done to get some destinations.

Firstly, companies or employers willing to pay to be included in the list of pre-qualified bidders and limit. Secondly, the company is willing to pay to get information about the project from the inside. Thirdly, making illegal payments to officials set the tender specifications so that companies that pay would be the only suppliers who pass the prequalification. Fourth, illegal payments to win contracts intended. In this connection, when the process occurs in a single round, then the consequences that must be accepted is inflate the price and a decrease in the quality of goods and services produced. Here is why the public as consumers assess the quality of local government services away from what is expected, including those paid through taxes and the people felt betrayed by his own choice.  

Anti-corruption measures in the public procurement process can be observed through        a number of stages / procedures in almost all government agencies. Stage starts from the needs assessment / determination of requirements, preparation of design and preparation of tender documents, selection of participants and the determination of the winning bidder, and the execution of work. Phase difference has the consequence differences between the patterns of corruption by the government and bidders. Firstly, the stage needs assessment / determination of needs often pose non harusan investments and purchases. Trends in the offers of several companies to make the deal even though its value is little or no benefit to the community.

In addition the investment is economically unfair and destructive mechanisms. On the other hand the risk that happening benefiting suppliers. To be unfair competition conducted by the goods and services that exceed the requirements increased. For local governments and members of parliament who expedite tender logically earn that sort of money thanks (kickback) is included in the financial budget (usually through certain agreement with contractors). At a certain level the parties concerned and involved in the conflict (conflict of interest) draw policy makers to influence the bidding process by pressing the tender committee. Secondly, the preparation stage design and preparation of tender documents through a strategy which guides the tender documents or made ​​to favor one a contractor, so there can be no competition when bidding takes place. Another way is to increase or decrease the amount of goods or services needed to benefit a few contractors.  

To break up the concentration of supervisors, project complexity in the tender documents and guidelines are intentionally omitted in order to hide corruption plans. This stage is also often involves a consultant for planning projects that benefit multiple bidders. Finally, governments seem to trespass the principle of direct appointment. Thirdly, the stage of selection of participants and the determination of the winning bidder includes efforts where policymakers being unfair (since incorruptibility expect money thanks) or a conflict of interest. Selection in the area took place over a very subjective criteria to facilitate the policy makers take over the role in it. Local government officials who want the advantages often provide confidential information before the bidding begins with the benefit of one or more bidders. Of course, such information is not provided to all bidders.9

Abuse of confidentiality including confidential documents in reality it is transmitted so that the resulting process monitoring and control difficult. The only stage that can be said is a fair election stage winning bidder is announced to the public by certain newspapers. Corruption also abundant when the payment of the price is very expensive though not necessarily win. These charges are in many cases can not be justified. Fourth, the implementation phase of the work includes concrete reality of the process through which the bidders so as to replace it with               a contractor to lower the price of goods, poor quality or different from the approved contract specifications. As a result, the quality of goods and services away from what has been specified. The poor results lead to improved job that requires more expensive than it should be.

Worse, re-negotiating contracts or replacement of a contract clause that fundamental conducted field supervisors and operators who have to be rewarded adequately. In this regard, the price increase due to change as a result of changes in contract specifications coupled with increased costs for bribes to facilitate collusion. In certain cases the results of the procurement of goods and services spawned demands intentionally made ​​up. Worse, supervisors or observers have been purchased or are not independent so they made ​​untrue statements or false reports that do not correspond to the actual condition. Consequently, renegotiation substantial changes or additions to the contract may make the tender process becomes useless.

c.               Business Licensing Services

One of the policy objectives of bureaucratic reform to the local government level is accelerating service over the principles of efficiency and effectiveness. Service is demanding the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability. Bureaucratic reform is not only intended to reorganize the structure of government as a means of following objectives and systems that followed, more than that required changes in organizational culture of government in order to realize a fair and fairnes service. Fairnes ensure equitable services and government ensure the needs of society equally and proportionately. The highlight of the opposite behavior is detrimental to public corruption. Barriers to public service in the form of services difficult to access, procedure complicated, unclear costs and the mushrooming practice of bribery is an opportunity where corruption is present in the answer constraints.

Anti-corruption measures in the licensing service starts when the above inhibiting factors blocking in the middle of the road. The entrepreneurs who have the capital to understand that the most effective way is start the licensing process from the top (top down), if not from below (bottom up). The pattern of the license is usually done by using direct policy makers such as Ministers, Governor, Regent / Mayor.15 Bottoms tend to turn a blind eye if given meager rations, or even shut up if you do not want to shift from strategic positions. While the pattern of licensing under done if the government officials in the area have direct access to the head of the region, or in other words, pandering to the head area. In this pattern of regional heads do not seem directly related to the employer but not blind approved through the back door.

Services business license to open a gap of corruption in the form of bribes from the authorities to switch freely from the central government to the regions. The trend can be seen in areas that have the potential of mining and agriculture. Price permission to open the mine can rise sharply depending the volume of minerals in each region. For the cost of negotiations before made ​​a number of requirements such as Mining Business License can reach over five billion. Cost does not include the cost of a permit at the central level. The consequences of the economic cost (high cost economy) eventually becomes a burden and complaints entrepreneurs. Worse in some areas of the entrepreneurs complained that the permit did not arrive as anticipated maintenance costs have absorbed a lot. These conditions exacerbate the image of local government as well as central government when dealing with outside investors. In other cases the employer can obtain a license is yet to hand umpteenth causing problems in the field. Local governments often deliberately toying entrepreneurs to profit as much as possible by issuing multiple license.10

At a later stage a nationwide business license requires the approval of the central government. Here entrepreneurs face more vulnerable to corruption and bureaucracy. A number of departments that have implemented e-procure administratively able to reduce corruption where the offender is restricted opening face the bureaucrats except through the information system has been designed in such a way. However the application of e-procure without scrutiny fact remains open opportunities for corruption, businessmen and bureaucrats looking for a gap to come face to face (face to face) at the agreed location.17 Mode thus ultimately not support the system that has been designed to prevent the opening of anti-corruption measures, due to the culture that serves the community and the police are not congruent with the spirit and efforts to prevent corruption.

d.              Ekses local elections

The need for voter support in the election spawned the inevitable excesses. This has opened a gap of corruption for local heads to raise money power of the bureaucracy in particular the incumbent candidate. Incumbent candidate tends to utilize a number of tactical funds tucked or intentionally deposited on almost any unit of local government carried out a year before the party of democracy. Indeed the local democratic party became the arena of popular sovereignty channel area is not polluted by political tradition money. Concessions are usually built with local government officials in terms of promotion, demotion or transfer. Here happen politicization of bureaucracy in which local government officials tend to be pragmatic and realistic. The impact of planning in the design so that the incumbent in terms of logistical support through a number of the budget that invented or exceeded. Cracks can be seen corruption in the election of a few things such as the determination of a candidate by a political party boat, manipulation of campaign finance and money politics.

The high rate of political parties is one factor driving uptake budget amount for illegal interests. For example, each candidate is essentially required to fund the election, returns of capital that has been issued, as well as post-election debt. Mode that is often used is to involve partners and political networks that contribute in the procurement of goods and services. Cracks corruption begins with providing social assistance through civil society organizations that have been mobilized. Social grants are available through a number of allocations that had previously been deposited in a local government unit (usually departments / agencies / offices that handle social problems).

Voters mobilized into groups and community organizations are given enough money in the package or envelope initialed a particular candidate so the practice of money politics seem blurry.11 Issue usual target is a social organization that has a broad mass base. In many cases such patterns tend to increase one year before the election or even later as a form of gratitude (kickback). In general politicization of the budget cycle (political budget cycle) are used to influence voters through social assistance with the goal of improving sentiment for a particular pair wins.

In some cases it was found that the budget gap duplication sourced from national and regional budgets for salaries and administration expenditure components affect the high cost of holding the election. At this stage of the distribution of funds during the campaign so far obscured the political elite in terms of cost (political costs), not the politics of money as public suspicion. Disorientation is quite dubious when the facts show that the standard political fare exceeds regulations so it is easy to conclude the practice of money politics. Cases of this kind of dilemma for the election supervisory body or committee. Here's an example of money in politics compilation mode Keerom in Papua Province in the election of 2010.
 

Table 1

Compiling Political Money By mode on

Papua Keerom Election 2010

 



No.

Modus

Number

1

Division of Money Directly

25th

2

Division of Food Packages

17th

3

Mobile Card distribution

32

4

Budget Procurement Bazar

3

5

Giving Electronic Goods

11th

6

Perform Repair Roads

27th

 

Sources: District Election Commission. Keerom, 2010.


The table can be generalized though not yet enough to show that activity in the mode of election over budget relative influence in the region. Cash distribution mode, groceries, cheap bazaar and street improvements are vulnerable duplicated in a program at a local government unit. Such programs often the above named directly by the incumbent candidate despite the fact financed from the budget. In this regard, the head of areas at risk to suffer the consequences after the election executed.

 

6.              Indication Challenges in Combating Corruption in  Realize Good Governance in Malaysia and Indonesia

As one of the speakers in a variety of workshops on the concept of nationalism, the dynamics of local democracy and political governance, I feel the need to teach about crisis back statesmen and symptoms of corruption in the middle of the day so groundslaag Pancasila as the state and nation. In some places held a discussion titled missed a statesman, some quotes and make it as an introduction speech. Unfortunately, great things about the crisis was born statesman of the thinking of many civil society, instead of growing government awareness. Thus natural picture, because no one knows for sure what the patient of the illness even though he may not feel well unless done at the doctor's diagnosis. That is one reason why I am trying to be present in a variety of seminar invitations political, legal, economic and social culture, the answer is only one, to find out exactly what the illness government so easy dispensing prescriptions for the healing action of the mild to the most chronic in the heart of government .

As our government scientists like doctors, our job is to detect where the symptoms are felt by all actors both the central and local levels. If symptoms are only valid in certain parts, then the therapy is done at the local scope only so as not to spread everywhere. Severe when the disease hit in idap right in the central nervous power, of course we need the extra sophisticated equipment including experienced specialists, can not simply transfer to the shaman let alone handled by         a certified masseur reflection by a street. If our government's chronic conditions or the medical term coma, should be dealt with seriously in the emergency room, or it is not impossible that there should be amputated innocent gets spread. Government is the most concrete organizational structure of the system state (Caporaso: 1992).

As an organism, then the government can only grow, expand and collapse in the future. Therefore, if the government feels a little coughs and colds when building communication, the communication should doctors have to diagnose why the government administration stutter and hesitate when it comes to fuel policies or what he thinks is good for the benefit of the people. When government policies are all experiencing strong resistance at the grassroots level, the physician governance policy and sociology of government should urgently put out a record that policies formulated immediately return or consulted with the pickers benefits at the grassroots level is the wider community.

Had the government had a fever in the whole body of management, then the doctor needs to issue a memo government management that government management patterns creased during this be improved through consistent bureaucratic reform. If the government feels dizzy around the administrative services, the physician needs to immediately amputate administration service levels convoluted for efficient and effective in serving the public interest. If government laws sharp knife down but blunt and above, it is necessary to rule of law physician surgeon asked why we feel immune system when dealing with certain diseases.

This is what in centile Sahetapy JE (2012) as a lecturer plate red, yellow and black. Especially if it just sat waiting for face-to-face, of course, weak-weak faith. Clearly the government as well as lost productivity harmed statesman. In this context, I stand to discuss the crisis statesman this time. As I've communicated with a few friends, the statesman is a person who has a distant future (visionary), think and act according to the judgment of the nation, and are willing to subordinate personal interests and factions for the interests of the people. Statesmen are not necessarily born from state officials. A statesman is typically called after all the dedication demonstrated during life without being asked, unless we ourselves cherish after died. Call it national in scope such as Sukarno, Hatta, Agus Salim, Hashim Asary, Syahrir or General Sudirman.

Sphere, the universe was so Muhammad SAW and other figures. Those who think broadly about how to achieve the good of all elements in the country for me is the statesman despite never having worked his way up from the secretarial office of headman. Elements of a country thought in the interests of the people, government, homeland aka dignity and sovereignty of this nation. With that basis I would argue that the statesman could come from anywhere. If he was a teacher, then the mind and actions must be embodied into the effort to change their students become the generation that is not only intelligent and resilient to face the reality of life, but it can emit noble values ​​such as belief in God, have a high sense of humanity, capable of uniting the split, democratic, social and environmental justice. All the skills and the value was expected to be the capital in society, governing, keeping the homeland as well as the dignity of the nation and the state.

Symptoms corruption course statesmanship mortal enemy of nature, where the way of thinking and acting within a narrow impressed, elitik, egoistic, sektoralistik, consumerist, exclusive, pragmatic and individualistic, far from the way of thinking and acting for the benefit of the nation. The simple, corruption is a way of thinking and acting pragmatically, not vice versa. Although corruption has a positive side to strengthen patron-clien conservative mind as Huntington (1992), but within the framework of the democratic political system seems to tolerate it is impossible for us to grow and develop since the collapse of authoritarian politics into a hotbed for corruption during this pollination. For me, corruption is a symptom that can grow everywhere, whether in the political system democratic, authoritarian, the more totalitarian. I need to be reminded that corruption is not solely owned by the political system authoritarian or totalitarian designs allergy surveillance, the democratic political system may become a kind of cultural corruption collectively maintained. If the characteristics of authoritarian nature of individuals, then the democratic system could be grown based on the principles of kinship and mutual support.  

Also another condition in Malaysia where there is a perception of bribery related to the "beyond" directly contradicted reality because it does not reflect Malaysia's growing steadily in the social and economic development, said Felo right thing Institute of Democracy and Economic Ehwal (IDEAS) Yusal Anis Yusoff. According to him, Malaysia's record of achievement in terms of both revenue and foreign resurfacing of local entrepreneurs so generate solid economic growth and high levels of development.

He said again that despite Rasuah Perceptions Index (CPI) Malaysia recorded a 4.3 eye the Transparency International 2011 report, but the levels of steady growth ever since the country's 12 years off, with average growth of 4.8 percent from year to year. Even "The study inquired about where to find ever made ​​with Malaysia will not reach the levels planting stock, levels of growth and human resources development levels enjoyed today, assuming the country is so sunk in terms of corruption as depicted," he said in a paper entitled "Eliminate corruption: Understanding corruption Prevention Initiatives in Malaysia."

This paper contains 72 pages spread out on the forum entitled "Combating corruption: How far we triumph?" closure inaugurated by former prime minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the Academy Suruhanjaya Rasuah Prevention in Kuala Lumpur. Anis Yusal said Malaysia had a quick view of the recovery in 2010, with high levels of growth in both parts reach over 10 percent. He said Malaysia also attracts number of shares directly from the foreign investor (FDI) to levels that are very sturdy.

He said again that "growers levels more associated with feedback about corruption, compared with other economies and it always instructions, that free people will estimate corruption elevated levels of practice will insulate conceded FDI," he said. He said the CPI eyes showed elevated levels of consciousness that may form among the people and their awareness of the negative impression of corruption on society and the country's economic development. "In a sense, this is     a positive trend. Indeed something encouraging when seeing the crowd gave the foundation to this important issue and want it royal improve accountability to answer," he said. He said there was the possibility of an increase in the perception that free people against corruption comes from political campaign experts who accuse others of corruption is practiced more when compared with the real situation.

e.               Gap Control of Corruption  

Of the four loopholes of corruption in local government, serious efforts are needed to control the width of opening up opportunities for future development. Control can be done through monitoring is a preventive and curative. One obstacle in monitoring the growth and development of corruption in various regions of Indonesia is a vast stretch of territory. As a result, a relatively distant from the central government due to corruption easily grown lax oversight, lack of resources and limited personnel understanding the rules.12

Preventive control can be done through the first, the need for change in the management system of strict budget in order to limit corruption in the use of the budget gap. System changes in a concrete form of the application of information technology and e-procure that can be accessed directly using the public budget, in addition to the licensing process and the tender for the procurement of goods and services can take place transparently. The system changes the mechanism also involves indirect election by the legislature in order to lessen the burden and excess direct elections to the posture of the budget. At the level of implementation of the legal framework should be comprehensive, applying the principles of transparency, clear rules accommodate and limit excessive discretion. With no local government authority over local legislation should be able to build the system of procurement of goods and services that are transparent and accountable. Also needs to be prepared Standard Operation Procedure (SOP), which aims to simplify, not complicate at all SKPD barriers to prevent corruption in the context of open gap licensing services business.  

Secondly, the need for oversight by supervisors qualitative internal, external, functional, politics and society in order to minimize the gap opening of corruption in local government. Thirdly, the need to improve human resource management and welfare officials to minimize the impulse to control the sources within the government. Fourth, the need must be accompanied sanctions for local governments to make strategic planning and performance accountability reporting agencies.

Fifth, the need to improve the quality management system implementation and application of standards and measurable spending to avoid multiple interpretations are no loopholes for officials in conducting interpretation and improvisation on the grounds disparity in each local government. In the procurement activity required an independent tender committee of the society so that membership is not solely dominated by the local government. Committee who is the commissioner can make a complaint procedure for bidders to enforce rules, monitoring and evaluation as well as to apply the principles of good governance. Sixth, in the long run necessary political education to the voters so that they do not become the object of the election but has a pragmatic bargaining position against the candidates.

7.              Purposes Religious values ​​in the Prevention of Corruption in Indonesia and Malaysia

A social research by Scherazade S Rehman and Hossein Askari from The George Washington University is reviewed Komaruddin Hidayat themed How Islamic are Islamic Countries assess New Zealand was first on the Islamic country among 208 countries, followed by Luxembourg in second. While Indonesia's Muslim majority in fact ranks 140. The results were published in the Global Economy Journal (Berkeley Electronic Press, 2010).

a.              The Need for Experience and Islami Life

The question is how far the essence of Islamic teachings to understand and influence the behavior of the Muslim community in social and state? Basic tenets of Islam are used as indicators of the methodology drawn from the al-Qur'an and al-Hadith. Both researchers were grouped into five aspects, is as follows:

First, with regard to the Islamic doctrine of one's relationship with God and human relationships (hablu min Allah wa hablun min al-nas). Secondly, the economic system and the principle of fairness in political and social life. Thirdly, the system of laws and government. Fourth , human rights and political rights. Fifthly, the Islamic teachings relating to international relations and non-Muslim communities. Through indicators that have been developed, the study projected to weigh the quality of sustainability Islamization of 56 Muslim countries that became members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the average was at number 139 out of 208 countries surveyed results.

Both researchers concluded, "it is our belief that most self-declared and labeled Islamic countries are not conducting their affairs in accordance with Islamic teachings - at least when it comes to economic, financial, political, legal, social and governance policies". From 56 OIC member states, who obtained the highest score is Malaysia (ranked 38), Kuwait (48), United Arab Emirates (66), Morocco (119), Saudi Arabia (131), Indonesia (140), Pakistan (147 ), Yemen (198), and the worst is Somalia (206). Western countries considered close to Islamic values ​​are Canada at number (7), UK (8), Australia (9), and the United States (25).

If a Muslim has implemented the five pillars of Islam, creed, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage he had felt perfect. The more frequent pilgrimage, the more perfect and beat his Islam. Whereas the mission of the Prophet came to build a civilization which has three main pillars of knowledge, piety, and noble character or integrity. This is according to research Rehman and Askari Islamic world in crisis. If Komaruddin Hidayat suggested the need for further research in the direction of a political party with the question How Islamic are Islamic political parties to get an idea of how far the Islamic religious parties that carries the symbol of Islam, then the local government perspective, I also helped put together a question How Islamic are Islamic of Local Government in Indonesia? By using variables and indicators are agreed, we wanted to see how Islamic whether areas of intense boost regulations of Islamic law than not implementing Islamic Sharia regulations.

Perhaps government that had been keen to build up the area with the regulations of Islamic law it is no more Islamic society and in the context of governing than governments that do not apply the regulations of Islamic law. If this can be done and the result shows that the regulations that implement Islamic law in terms of governance and socially better, then perhaps we need to push the need to reorganize the local government model. But if otherwise, then those who have been passionate about carrying the foundation governing Islamic society and reflect back so it is suggested that not distort the teachings of Islam itself that is rahmattan lil 'Alamin.
 
b.              Rooted Leader or Leafy

Are our leaders grow from a broad social base or whether it came from the sky as the incarnation of the gods? If our leaders really grown and developed from the grassroots tier, meaning he was born as a leader rooted. Conversely, if it grows out of the transaction elites to form a leader, it means that he is a born leader who leaves. Certainly not in the dictionary of our leadership is a mustachioed leader, unless they are actually biologically mustache. Perhaps they were whiskered rooted born leader, or vice versa. For the German people, Hitler was the leader of the roots, as well as a small mustache main attraction.

Leaders who are rooted, beard also mustache. Rooted, because as a leader can touch bureaucrat to head the various local government unit in contact with the public service. Leaders are also some elite leafy believe that the person concerned be able to run the government properly only after a variety of experiences lead. Leaders are those whose roots grow from the ground, supported by a broad social basis, have access to the community, and heroically tested in the course of history. Leader so often we are familiar with the term grassroots leaders.

Grassroots leaders were usually born of non-formal education and direct contact with the societal problems as experienced by Mahatma Gandhi or Nelson Mandela. They grow and flourish and participate tasted social joys and sorrows are usually strong and durable as a leader. This is in marked contrast to those who become leaders as supported elite's leafy beard growing from the top. The leaders of such highly oriented upwards, no matter what condition the people. Leaders who grow and develop with this condition would clearly serve the elite supporters, do not expect to serve the community. They were born as a leader leaves usually easily fall through the power of the people (people power). The only way to defend yourself is hiding behind the curtains of power elites.

They were born just as satisfied if the bearded leader able to please his boss, instead of serving the public. The indication is clear, the leaders rather than building up consulting downward communication. In practice in the area can be seen, for example, the frequency of visits by leaders and elites to the center is much higher than the visiting groups. But if the balance, not more spending if the elites are central to bringing the many tributes that spread everywhere in the hope of later flowering. Compare if they want to attend and listen to people's complaints seriously for a few minutes, is not by itself what they invest in the form of oral, written and spurious aid could have broad impact for themselves? Leaders such as low empiriknya experience amongst the people and a loss of sense of belonging resulted in the decision making away from the expectations of the public, even directly contribute to severe hardship. By that we need to be looking for leaders who truly rooted so stand up, not easily affected by the typhoon, let alone to collapse just because it is supported by thick verdant leaves.  

c.               Supervise Potential Poor Governance

In the political sphere, is a symptom of government activity that intervenes in human life. He followed every change that occurs, whether the change in individuals, the more the group. Because of earlier changes, so do not be surprised if the government activity often changes, including in the context of a change of purpose. The problem is, how the government should be constructed so that it becomes relatively organizational structure capable of ensuring the sustainability of civilized coexistence. In reality the people, every time the circulation of power (elections and elections) are often spawned a number of actors in the style of leadership paradox. Those who used revolutionary, vehemently opposed crime, anti the establishment could be changed to be more conservative, did not face any pressure reactive, past-oriented, fast to the old traditions as well as being the status quo.

Even those who originally portrayed anarchists in the field, as if there is no compromise with the ruling regime, demonstrative and never give up, now that a ruler gets a more systemic to develop the potential of totalitarianism in government politics. In this context, each individual vigilance is required against any change of the regime in power. Government, through the potential evil inherent kindness, some times in conjunction with the potential to be a major threat to the freedom of individuals and groups in society. Against it, reminding us of the record Mc. Iver (1992), some individuals believe that government is a necessary evil. Crime, where most social behavior is set to forcibly from paying taxes to the cemetery occupies twice the size of the meter by the funeral service. When the government robs the entire rights of individuals and groups, then this is where the government is often seen as a symptom of a crime that is not only required but also limited.

Instead, he needs associated with our awareness of the need for protection from the threat of any individual or group at any time to come over to us. Although the government considered the enemy of individual freedom, threats to life and the common good, but at the same time the government recognized as the organization needed once missed. The doctrine of the individual is thus not mistaken views but to raise awareness of any change of government actions that have the potential bad. Because after all the government is simply a collection of individuals, of course not able to release personal interest immediately. In simple language, rousseau argues that the free life, all the evil plan and struggling to make a profit for himself.

A President, Governor, Regent, Mayor, Head, Village Chief, chief, including the entire governmental apparatus in the service of course automatically get the benefits of each service they perform. And all of it can not be avoided, either honorarium, performance benefits, the basic tasks to work outside part-time incentive to serve the public. If the benefits are not obtained directly in the form of material, at least any government actor honored before the public through a brilliant achievement for the service rendered.

If so, then the opposite logic states that government actors are reluctant to serve the people is simply a collection of poor and trustworthy servant, besides of course worse than the government is. Is not it obvious they neglect their own interests, even openly showing acute symptoms of autism. Avoidance of self-government actors over responsibility to the community to show symptoms in which the government is not able to recognize itself as a collection of individuals concerned, as well as showing the failure of the elite group that is responsible for all public expectations.

Conditions in Malaysia is also where Datuk Seri Najib Razak outlined six approaches that need to be practiced civil servants to face the challenges and threats of the global economic crisis, including the ranking supervisor asks an employee to deduct attorney made ​​the decision to follow evade personal practice corruption. In addition, they need to always hold on to the value of integrity in the system of government, as well as making public use sector has high integrity. He also confirmed that another approach should be taken by civil servants, especially the finance ministry officials are strengthen intellectuality capital to allow the government to make decisions is appropriate.

It really illustrates how konsisi government in Malaysia to take a stand in eliminate corruption. He added another jam it by saying that the treasury that helped provide services to other agencies and ministries need to improve service delivery and system effectiveness of the service sedlain that, Najib also called on officers and staff to use think the power of ideas to give a better, more innovative and creative to produce decisions and solve problems with something memorable. Even through he is expecting a message to all staff in the civil service or work should attach importance to the decision or the result of a development project meets the objective memorable for every ministry and kingdom and the need to always ensure any allocation of funds provided by the government for development projects can provide value in kind in accordance with a reasonable allocation for the benefit of society. 

The government handlers in bringing employees from corruption and collusion, the government set up a special area of the court to hear and discuss the various cases of corruption as announced by the Minister in Title Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Nazri Aziz. It can give a fairly convincing people about the seriousness of the authorities in the fight against corruption which may destroy the country. According to Nazri, who made ​​the announcement when reading the discussion Rang Suruhanjaya Prevention Act Rasuah Malaysia (SpRM) and then be passed in the House of Representatives, regarding not only the embodiment court can resolve the issue pending cases, but also to prove the sincerity of the government received many plans, including from what opposition parties from the community.

When debate Rang Act SPRM before that some members of the House of Representatives plan in court as it is embodied to reduce the burden on ordinary judicial tribunal which is already burdened with a criminal case and the civil heaps more. With the court whose duties solely to control the related cases of corruption and collusion, misuse power and for instance, it is certainly the case thus can be solved with more cepant and memorable without the many forced to wait long for their turn to be judged and even guarded solution to eradicate rampant corruption in some government institutions.  

In addition, he is also expected to give satisfaction to the people who was always cynical about the royal and government efforts in the fight against corruption over the years. It is not denied that the general perception, even among outsiders, about corruption in Malaysia since several years recent less well, although immoral activities some was not as bad as in other countries including the building premises.
 
According to these negative perceptions, then after the Supreme set up Typical corruption given along with the House of Representatives passing the embodiment SPRM later, and the establishment appointment Suruhanjaya Justice (SPK) and Rang Witness Protection Act of 2008, which are and will debated, will no doubt be open era or a new chapter in Malaysian government's efforts to eradicate corruption in the country can be well above and memorable.

 

It should also said here that in Malaysia in an effort to combat koruspi two-dimensional, namely prevention and prosecution. In this connection, a special court embodiment, SPRM, SPK and Witness Protection Act coupled with the efforts being carried out there willing to institutions such as the National Institute of Integrity, capable expected to function well as the infrastructure that would be scary individual or group even high officials who have a tendency of corruption against the interests of the country could be solved. If this be incarnated as an institution to realize the fact, most of the battle against corruption has almost succeeded. The court will only play a role as a complement to these efforts.

However, this does not mean that the court and the sentence is not important. It is a commonplace that man is composed of two types between good and evil. Individuals who are evil temperament will continue to have a tendency to make the crime, including corruption, and even as good as any regulations imposed heavy penalties imposed or usually the culprit is still not a deterrent. By then, the next step would have been the ruling government needs to show in the form of the action in the reverse true passion embodiment various entities and laws that have been and will be passed the House of Representatives.

However, we could not deny that corruption had difficulty in some instances such as difficulty obtaining evidence, unwillingness of witnesses to appear before, shortage of staff, employees and others that have often avoided to support the duly Rasuah Abatement Board will not form again with SPRM and Witness Protection Act. In view of this perspective, it is clear that the act of judgment that is driven along the embodiment SPRM SPK and the introduction of new laws to protect witnesses and court official escort is more than an attempt to fulfill the promise once made ​​the Barisan Nasional in the 2004 General Kingdom selections. In addition he is also more than an attempt peribadi Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi as Prime Minister of Malaysia to-5 before leaving legacy timbalannya government and handed over to Muhammad Najid Tun Razak.

Indeed, these efforts are beginning a new era in the history of Malaysia in the fight against corruption, misuse of authority and various other forms of fraud. Hopefully one day soon, the country of Malaysia is recognized and acknowledged as the cleanest country in the world although this ranking process requires a long time.

d.               Corruption Stonewall State Progress


Corruption and collusion which gives automakers greater latitude in Malaysia and Indonesia countries are a reflection of the quality and handling of government a country. Most studies about the effect of corruption suggests that it could lead to very low levels of economic growth. This is because the element of corruption and collusion is biased stymie participation of local investors and foreign investors inhibit conceded to sesebuah country. In addition, the evidence shows that the problem of corruption has burdened the stock market is erratic, control of the banking system is not robust and low capital market. In other words, countries that practice this corruption at high price to pay for development programs, especially in the economic development of the country.

Indeed, it is not marveled why corruption eradication agenda to be one of several important agendas that need to be addressed by the leadership of any major countries including Malaysia and Indonesia. Evidence seriousness Malaysian leaders to combat this problem can be seen through the embodiment Institute of Integrity Malaysia (IIM) and facilitate the National Integrity Slow (PIN) in April 2004 after only a few months namely inducted Abdullah Ahmad Badawai hold office of Prime Minister 5th. This agenda continues beyond the continuous expressed in most his official utterances during his tenure as head of state.

However Rasuah Perceptions Index Report (CPI) 2006 released by Transparency International (TI) which has caused slight question mark among the public on the existence of businesses run by the royal government of Malaysia to combat the symptoms of corruption. It's roughly the studies involving community feedback traders and analysts state the atmosphere of corruption in Malaysia has shown that free decision applies slight decline versus the 2005 and 2004 want even 2003. According to the CPI 2006, Malaysia topped the world-44 versus the stairs to the 39th for 2005 and 2004, as well as the stairs to the 37th for 2003. Likewise, in terms of eye gratuities are listed namely 4.9 percent, 5.1 percent decline compared to 2005; 5.0 percent (2004) or 5.2 percent (2003).

More interesting if we can associate it with the TI report perceptual assessment report made ​​by The Business Ethics Of Malaysia (Beim) with the cooperation of the University of Nottingham Malaysia and Binary University College of the public trust against those involved in 15 selected areas of work. Between the areas of work that were examined are doctors, teachers, professors, ministers, political leaders and trade experts. Decision, the respondent's stage of trust politicians, leaders and ministers of trade is very low. Each won 11%, 16% and 20% of respondents trust and are in list versus the bottom three doctors (72%), teachers (67%) and professors (58%) who are in the top three listings. The link between both of them is about his form equations of the main case on the matter integrity measured namely principally involving about leadership and management in the country.  

In the CPI, the traders and analysts feel the corruption in Indonesia is greatly increased despite the increase in Malaysia also did not like the increase in Indonesia. The increase is of course based on their observation of the world of politics and the world economy in the second country. At the same time also quizzed respondents about beim feel they can not trust the politicians and economic leaders. Indirectly we may say here, the main issue that led to the issue of integrity is actually more concentrated to the matter of leadership and management in the public sector mahupun private sector. In other words, if the politicians and economic leaders practice noble values ​​in their daily practice, of course, Malaysia and Indonesia CPI is equal to some Scandinavian countries are often recorded 9.6 - 9.7 percent for several years kebelakangan eye this. At least we were able to compete successfully entrench Singapore's position on the ladder   to-5 list of the most excellent decision prevent corruption perception with eye purata 9.4 percent for the entire period 2002-2006 and 2007-2010.
 
However, to achieve success in the eradication of corruption and collusion efforts, efforts need to be done in the continuous and comprehensive. Although there are times when success can not be achieved as desired, at least he can deduct the impression to the problems faced. In connection with those efforts to improve and strengthen the integrity of the stage system of governance and management of a nation and the states should increase. Likewise, attempts to cultivate moral values ​​among members of the community, both young an old want even. What do like this efforts take a long time. However, he needs to start from now if we Want to see Malaysia and Indonesia into developed countries by 2020 will be.
 
e.               Islamic Solution in Regarding Corruption

Culture of Corruption and collusion has actually been first recognized by Islam and the best way to overcome cultural and escort has been provided. The first step has strongly expressed by Islam forbids namely to be memorable without contrast ansur with corruption, such as the words of the Prophet narrated by at-Tirmizi who intends: "The receiver and giver of bribery will be placed in the fire of hell." This act was also condemned by Allah loudly as stated in another hadith narrated by Ahmad who intends: "Allah curse those who give bribes and receiving bribes and those who give way to both". Based on the arguments presented above clearly proves Islam strictly prohibits this heinous act. The curse is not only limited to the recipient and the giver instead anybody also pave activity that mediates this corruption.
 
The source of this corruption force a ntara others are:

·                  Personal Weaknesses Like Lack of Fair and Piety.

Someone that knows that corruption is prohibited by religion and law, but also performed a thousand reasons personal. It is included in the theory of "Technique of Neutralization" by Grisham Sykes and David Matza. They say, "Do it as long as there is no corruption in secret who knows". Want luxurious life attitude, riya ', pointed, greedy, want to get rich quick and so is the driving force of this corruption and the weak personality and faith.

·                  Weakness of Leadership and Management of the Organization.

Weak leadership led to a lack of guidance, there is no monitoring, lack of management, than running errands and open to fraud particularly corruption and collusion.

·                  Social and cultural.

Community compound nation tribes in Malaysia and Indonesia by practicing various traditions of gift giving in the form of cash, bonuses and objects, such as welcoming the days of greatness a day of celebration, assemblies birthdays, marriage and so forth. A good day gives an opportunity for the practice of corruption and graft recipients, prompted either corrupt, bought off, bribed or fed without realized.

·                  Modenisasi.

Socio-economic development is not balanced with spiritual development will facilitate the occurrence of corruption and collusion. Development projects proliferated like mushrooms that grow so quickly. Distribution of the money will also increase. Group is involved also took the opportunity to scoop as much profit. Modern race showed the contractors vying for a maximum bid and the maximum lot. They will also be bribed to win the hearts of employees or officials of the management or decision makers. Corruption is given as a shortcut to get tender, expedite fees, penalties or release or slow action if it fails to prepare projects and so forth.

·                  Politics.

Half politicians used the opportunity to serve the community by receiving and giving bribes to get the power, won the election for political office, to accumulate wealth, collect populeritas and others. The field is a lot of open opportunities for the practice of corruption and collusion.

f.                Impressions Corruption Practices and Solutions

Talk about corruption and collusion of corrupt activities is important because it will cripple any organized trips and functions of government. With the existence of corruption, no Anybody will be able to suspect a person's actions or the results of any plans for the future. Progress sesebuah countries depend on scholars, government and professionals. Corruption activities will only erode the trust of the general populace against the clergy, government in Malaysia and Indonesia.

The impression that most of the symptoms of this corruption is going to lead to the implementation of the state be topsy-turvy. As a result, it raises other issues such as economic downturns, neglect the interests of the community, the lack of discipline of the implementers officials and others. Culture of corruption can destroy implementation and administration of the country. as is the case in the Philippines who recorded the history of the fall of the kingdom of President Marcos of the reins of leadership due to the practice of corruption is not be stopped and will possibly exist in other countries resulting in deterioration occurred in the country since the practice of corruption is gives automakers greater latitude.

In addition, there are several steps you can take to prevent corruption and collusion, among them are:

        Strengthen Faith and Confirmed Personality  

High faith and personality are the most powerful bulwark to prevent the symptoms of corruption. If every individual hate it corruption both ordinary people, leaders, traders, civil servants or the practice of corruption must be addressed. Power of Faith and personality can deflect all forms of bribery once anybody who knows nothing and opportunities open area in front of the eyes.
 
        Entering Danger of Corruption in Education System

Hate to corruption will be internalized within if only taught and trained from the time schooling again. Educated young people hate corruption will grow into individual responsible, trustworthy, sincere. The education system will come only form of free generation rather than any kind of corruption and collusion.

        Improve Oversight of Law and Punishment

Prevention of and fight against corruption by implementing laws need in the steady again that people realize just how dangerous and serious corruption problems if not prevented and dammed for the safety and welfare of the people. In addition, the users of corruption will think many times before trying to corruption because of severe punishment that would be acceptable and even very burdensome when entangled with sentence.  

        Facilitate Affairs Using ICT

Processing procedures are lengthy, difficult and slow needs to be disciplined and excess in eases using ICT. The use of the form, for instance the interview process and need to be summarized so as not to burden the people especially the traders, contractors and growers share. The process is easy and sincere to avoid the danger of corruption because it does not need to be bribed or bought off simply to speed up the process of tenders and so on.

Anwar Ibrahim has said that corruption in Malaysia took place in secret because if he made ​​clear, he will be considered as 'civilized'. "(In Indonesia) on the table at the bottom of the table keep moving". In Malaysia, it will be something that is fraudulent, uncivilized, and is considered treason. "But if you go directly deposited into an account in London or sophistication Switzeland way there," he said. Anwar insists however that condemn corruption stance and regard it as immoral. He added again that the fight against corruption, demanding a commitment from state leaders. "So we take decisions, we determine that leaders need to be more assertive."

8.              Conclusion

The issue of corruption is among the most hotly in declaring countries worldwide including Malaysia and Indonesia is no exception. In 2009, Malaysia has fallen down nine stairs. According to a report issued by Transparency International, Malaysia is the current position on the ladder to 56 versus 180 countries in the world. Achievement corruption index also is 4.5 out of 10, namely 10 is the most corrupt. Three of the most "clean" in the world are New Zealand, Denmark and Singapore.

Discussion of corruption, or corruption, or religious concerns about corruption and the country against corruption is always interesting to discuss because every culprit can be made ​​by individual persons, groups or institutions, organizations, social, cultural, language, nation and state, etc. So that it could result in the decadence of the moral, cultural, social or aqidah. The result weakened the fabric of social life that affect the principles of justice, equality, fraternity, and equality.(Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif (1996:124).

Symptoms of corruption on the horizontal line covers almost all branches of power, whether legislative, executive and judicial. Perched on a vertical line in each hirakhi corruption of government, from the center of power to the lowest level. These conditions in Indonesia entered the age of the legislative increase to the period 2004-2009. In the third period the age of reform (2009-2004).

Malaysia to prevent corruption by setting up an agency to assume responsibility with regard to cases of corruption and collusion. Prevention Corruption Suruhanjaya Malaysia (SPRM) or formerly known as the Agency for the Prevention of Corruption (BPR) role to assist the government in resolving corruption cases. They will deal these cases without thought status, political want even understanding religion and ancestry. Even though now there is the issue concerning the way they are saying strategy biased and not following established procedures so that is where the growth gap bribes that led to corruption.

Moreover, when examined closely it turns out loopholes of corruption dwell on four main variables try and describe the author portraits in local government in Indonesia and Malaysia drew the third head of the region in case of corruption. The fourth variable is the use of budget revenue and expenditure (budget), procurement, business licensing, the impact of conflicts of interest for officers in the bureaucracy, and the excesses that lead to the election expenses return on capital increases.

The diversity comes understanding and articulation of social and political orientation differences, the methods and the ability to understand the content, although all of them refer to the same source namely religion, nation and state. As a result, the concepts of governance, territorial empire, the state, and leaders vary greatly in dealing with corruption issues is well characterized many social and political orientation. In conclusion, the issue of corruption and collusion is a bad practice that should be inevitable for the stability of the country in the interest of all peoples in Malaysia and Indonesia.
 

List of References

Badoh, Zuhdhy Ibrahim Fahmi. 2010. Studies Potential-Potential Corruption elections. Jakarta: Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW).

Ezam Mohd Nor, Mohamad & Waluyo, Sapto. 2010. Islam & Persoalan Rasuah. Shah Alam: Ultimate Print Sdn. Bhd.

Hartanti, Evi. 2005. Corruption. Jakarta: Graphic Rays.

Hashim, Wan. 2011. Race Relations in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: ITNM.

Klitgaard, Robert. 1988. Combating Corruption. Jakarta: Indonesia Obor.

Loppa, Baharuddin. 2001. Crime Corruption and Rule of Law. Jakarta: Kompas.

Latif, Yudi, 2012. Corruption Politics Politics and Death. Jakarta: Papers, MIPI.

Muhardiansyah, Doni Dkk. 2010. Understanding Handbook Gratification. Jakarta: the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).

Maslikah, Siti. 2012. Upaya Pencegahan Tindak Korupsi di Kabupaten Keerom Provinsi Papua. Bandung.

Paris, H Lindsey, Robert Kiltgaard, Ronald Maclean-Abaroa. 2002. Penuntun Pemberantasan Korupsi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Pope, Jeremy, 2002. Strategi Memberantas Korupsi, Elemen Sistem Integritas Nasional,             Jakarta: TII & Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Susan Rose-Ackerman, 1998. Lessons from Italy for Latin America , Journal of Public and International Affairs.

Weyland, Kurt. 1998. The Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy.

 

 

Abdul Rahman Sulaiman, rahmansulaiman@yahoo.com, Kuala Lumpur: Mingguan Malaysia.

Karunanithy A/L Y Subbiah. Liputan Berita Pencegahan Rasuah: Kajian ke atas Akhbar Berita Harian dan The Star. 2010. Projek Sarjana Sains Sosial (Pengurusan Komunikasi) Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 2010.

Mohamad, Muhammad Hisyam (Fellow), 29 November 2006. Rasuah adalah penghalang kepada pembangunan negara dan ia sering dikaitkan dengan amalan tadbir urus yang tidak cekap. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Harian.

 

 

Bernama.

http://www.islam.gov.my

http://www.keadilandaily.com/?p=26041


http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1  Reuters, June 13, 2011.

2  Latif, Yudi, 2012. Corruption Politics Politics and Death, Papers, MIPI, Jakarta.

3         Susan Rose-Ackerman, 1998. Lessons from Italy for Latin America, Journal of Public and International Affairs, p. 447-469.

4         Weyland, Kurt, 1998. The Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy 9, 2, April.

5         Profile of the continent of Asia in the Southeast Asia.

6         Compare the conclusion of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's speech at Anti-Corruption Day commemoration in Semarang, December 9, 2011. The four variables are sufficiently relevant and close to the growth and development of the post-reform corruption.

7  The results of the evaluation of NGO FITRA in 2011 at 124 districts / cities' higher personnel expenditure including trips ranged between 60-70 of the total budget. Lumajang rated the highest with 83% spending apparatus. Compare the results of the 2005 evaluation Kemendagri at 125 Regency / City reached 50.3% average spending apparatus. Can be estimated in 5 years there is an increase of between 10 to 20 percent.

8  Cases Mayor Manado in 2010 relating to a fictitious trips when previously served as a member of parliament.

9  Result of CPC in 2007, among others indicate a cash deficit areas Rp.106, 61 M in East Aceh. In the District of Purwakarta fictitious receipt evidence on cost meals daily drink Secretary of Rp.11, 86 M. In 2009, out of 3051 cases were found to be present state losses of 9.93 T. Of 556 cases there is a loss of 310.86 areas M. From the results of the assessment are 191 local CPC Disclaimer rated, 8 Unusual area, 110 area Naturally With exceptions, and one area with unqualified status (CPC data in 2007 and 2009).

10 Cases of corruption in the form of bribes licensing can be found in the release of certain land which is only possible if approved by the head of the region in accordance with the mining regulations. For this case to look at Buol Regent Central Sulawesi in 2012 the approval of land with palm oil company in Jakarta. Some cases the release of land conflicts such as in Mesuji and Lombok in early 2012.

11 Such cases can be found mostly in East Kalimantan mining business license until 2011. In the last 10 years as the mining conflict in Southeast Sulawesi province Bombana not only between employers and local governments, as well as the surrounding communities.

12 See cases caught by the KPK in bribe government district. Bekasi on CPC members to make the assessment CPC disclaimer. See also direct the bribery case employers Buol Regent Central Sulawesi in the management of leasehold (Indopos, July 19, 2012).

13 For this case see the election of North Sulawesi and South Sulawesi (2010), there is one partner that provides assistance to people live on one of the TV during the election period lasts. The candidate is not considered a regular aid money politics.

14 The case of Papua, as reported by Papua Corruption Watch on July 16, 2011 showed that there were 73 cases of corruption that spread across the districts / cities in Papua and West Papua. Value of state losses of Rp 200 billion more. PCW Coordinator said that the findings are based on reports of alleged corruption that were then followed PCW (internet access, on December 19, 2011).

 

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