CORRUPTION, PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN CREATING GOOD GOVERNANCE:
Dr. Makmur
Fakulty
of Languages and Communication, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI)
35900,
Tanjong Malim, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
Dr.
Muhadam Labolo
Institute
of Public Administration (IPDN)
Jatinangor Highway KM. 20, Sumedang, West Java,
Indonesia
Abstract
Corruption is a bad culture that influences people from all levels of the
society; individual, group, society and country, and this need to be curbed.
Corruption can be considered as a disease that needs to be treated immediately
to avoid spreading to others. Corruption has become
a bad practice in certain countries including Malaysia and Indonesia, but the
corruption in Indonesia has reached an alarming state compared to Malaysia. The
phenomenon of corruption between Malaysia and Indonesia are varied in terms of
application and prevention. In Malaysia, corruption focuses on autocracy
whereas in Indonesia, it is more to bureaucracy. Thus, the problems and effects
focused on the stability of a race or country in ruling its government. The monarchy system in Malaysia and the
democratic system in Indonesia can be considered as reasons on how corruption
entered these two countries. Through this
writing, the writer would like to raise the issue of corruption and its
problems that are evident in Malaysia
and Indonesia as comparisons in the hope to create good governance which can be
a reality to curb corruption in the daily life of the people in both countries
with their own criteria, characteristic and pattern as a mean of realization
and solution. It is also hoped that this writing will provide the platform to
identify corruptions that exist in South-East Asia from time to time.
1.
Preliminary
This
paper would like to analyze corruption, problems and challenges in two
neighboring Countries namely Malaysia and Indonesia. Discussion of corruption, or
religious concerns about corruption and the country against corruption will
always attract discussed, although it never reached a definitive agreement and
will not even capable will
satisfy all parties. Said to be interesting, as
each may be the perpetrator of a person, group or institution with institutionalization social
backgrounds, cultures, languages, nations and countries that have implications
for understanding the differences in the graft.
Symptoms
of corruption is now entering in depth area which is hardly measurable. The horizontal spread
of corruption in almost all branches of power, whether legislative, executive
and judicial. Perched on a vertical line
corruption in all levels of government, from the center of power to the lowest
level. In the case of Indonesia, since the
reforms have peak births (1998), corruption is like getting a decent place to
breed. Corruption that had been grown evolve at the executive level,
now gradually having some sort of social gathering from the legislative,
judicial and executive back. Similarly in
Malaysia, though not very visible form of corruption but he also effect to influence the level of
power in the legislative, executive and judicial.
If
the gap corruption dwell on four key issues other than the procurement of goods
and services, it can be assumed 15 percent pertaining to the use of budget /
budget vague, manipulation and local licensing and elections of regional heads that resulted in excess disbursement of money in the
form of money politics.1
When compared to last year, until June 2011,
symptoms of growing corruption has actually been detected by INTRAC, from 2258
there were 1153 reports of the financial transactions of suspicious
transactions made treasurer of the area. Modus bought the Bank
Indonesia and deposit the money area. Besides
the local treasurer, 376 heads and 339 area other officials of suspicious
transactions.
Beyond the diversity
of understanding and articulation in the two countries resulting from
differences in social and political orientation, the method and the ability to
understand the content, although all of them refer to the same source namely
religion, nation and state. As a result, the concepts of government-run system
in Indonesia is different from the royal system applied in Malaysia. By then, the territorial state, the state, and
state leaders are very well marked many varied social and political orientation
in the face of corruption, gaps and challenges.
Various kinds of consequences that have caused
corruption including moral decadence, cultural, social want even aqidah. In general, it is
in because of three factors as proposed again by Latif (2012:5-6) strengthens our belief that corruption is really
necessary due to The first fight because, in Islam, through the concept of al-Qur’an and al-Hadith
texts contained who speaks clearly and forcefully on the prohibition in
practice because it is harmful to others. However, according to the Shafi'i Ma'arif, Islam
provides general principles that form the basis and guide in political science,
among others, must have a tendency to justice, equality, fraternity, and
equality.(Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif (1996:124).
Secondly, distribution of power, as happened in Indonesia after
the reform.3 Changes in the pattern of centralized to decentralized
autonomous regions have shifted through corrupt practices that were previously
dominated central government has become rampant in the area. This is consistent with the opinion that corruption
follows Klitgaard power. Transitional
authority ultimately just local corruption move from the center of power to
local government, the policy of decentralization which paved the basis of
symptoms of corruption. This condition is
growing rapidly especially poor supervision and inadequate law enforcement
community.
Thirdly, democratization at national and local level to
stimulate the neoliberal policies that open intervention in the preparation of
regulatory capital and the practice of bribery to ease investor interest in the
competition. Bribery practices in the
central and regional governments in smoothing tender transactions of goods and
services as well as licensing smoothness can easily be identified in almost all
levels of government. Fourth,
the involvement of
community participation in the democratic party event seemed driven by
consciousness in determining the future of the region, but more on pragmatic
interests which suck the cost of such expensive election.
Thus
some corruption issues, gaps and challenges that need to be discussed in this
paper, all these problems may be able to open a little number of ulcers long swells in our
system of government in Indonesia want even happening in Malaysia.
2.
Definition, Roots,
Cause and Corruption in Malaysia
and Indonesia
Corruption or rasuah a criminal or fault legislation in
which a person gets freedom, contract or privilege (Favours) of the ruling
party or a companys after
giving money,
gifts, bonuses to certain parties. According
to the Agency for the
Prevention of Rasuah Malaysia,
there are four major corruption errors namely asking / accepting bribes, bid /
giving bribes, making false claims, abusing position rank, position or power.
Bribery is otherwise dammed causes many social problems
occur because the law would
not be adhered to properly. The activities
criminal and injustice will
prevail. Symptomatic of corruption through
bribery by Klitgaard (1988:31) an act detrimental to the country.
According to him, the behavior deviates from the formal
duties as a state official currency gain or status regarding personal interests
(personal, close family, his own group) or violating the rules of implementation
through some personal behavior.
Klitgaard corruption is formulated as a result of
monopoly power by the leader (monopoly of power) coupled with the high
powers belong to someone (of official discretion) in the absence of
adequate supervision of regulatory authorities (minus accountability). The extent of power tends to
encourage the control of resources by an effective force. In this context the government or empire has broad powers and
tends to a monopoly over the system that was designed in such a way. In an authoritarian system of government-centralized
monopolistic symptoms are easy to grow and multiply.
Great
power in the central government's discretion to give birth to perform a variety
of public policy without effective control. This is where
corruption symptoms appear allowing the opportunity to develop further. Nevertheless, the symptoms of corruption is not solely
belong to the character authoritarian rule, countries are now turning to the
democratic system has problems and challenges of corruption is more severe.
This concern is confirmed Susan Rose Ackerman
in view the problem of corruption in Italy, a shift from authoritarian to
democratic rule does not in itself have an impact reduced bribery. 4 Even studies Weyland (1998:108) suggests that
corruption tends to increase sharply even when the switch into the system
democracy.3
Formulation
Ramirez Torres (Maslikah, 2012:79) corruption is a crime calculations or
calculations (crime of calculation), rather than the desire (passion). Some one will do
corruption if the results obtained from higher corruption and larger than a
small sentence and possible arrest. The
views Torres though not many people think, but the fact shows the quantity of
corruption continues to grow even though many actors have served in the
countries of transition to democracy. Loss
of feeling repentance deterrent and low corruption may have been caused by a calculation of the gap between the act
and the degree of punishment given load.
In
the case of Indonesia, for example, the perpetrators of corruption to the value
of billions to trillions of dollars is not unusual to only get sentenced to
less than five years, or even the same as the punishment for a thief amateurs. The low penalty
ultimately weaken the deterrent effect, it is much different when compared to
the application of penalties for corrupt authoritarian in countries like China,
Europe and even in Malaysia where the punishment receiver, the giver and the
bribe and even corrupt intermediaries is in accordance with sentence.
In
connection with the root causes of corruption, Jack Bologne (Maslikah,
2012:80) suggested four important things that affect corruption. Firstly
greed, greed and gluttony associated the perpetrators of corruption. Corruptors he is a
person who is not satisfied with the situation himself. This step resulted in a high impulse to always satisfy
her. Opportuniy Secondly, the system can also provide opportunities for
corruption. Weak systems that limit the
contiguity between the public bureaucracy in the affairs of the procurement of
goods / services and licensing often makes a tradition of corruption. Thirdly
need, mentality attitude never have enough, always loaded with needs that
were never completed as the internal drive allows one to feel it is important
to meet all the needs of the consumer himself. Fourth exposes, the
punishment meted out to the perpetrators of corruption no deterrent effect for
the offender and others.
Widespread
corruption will cause a serious challenge to the development of a country, both
in the political and economic sectors. In the political aspect, corruption
slowly damages the democratic order and good governance of the country (good
governance) through a breach or even destabilization process or
formal procedures. In the economy,
corruption can undermine economic development through the distortions and inefficiencies
of public resources. At a certain level of
corruption can be a cause economic distortions in the public sector by
diverting public investment into capital projects bribes and kick back
when it happened.
Hence, the impact of an impression of corruption coloring political dynamics, the condition is
reinforced by executive dominance that causes the loss of respect for the
values of good governance,
accountability, transparency, and participation.
Corruption also reduces the performance and
values in terms of the quality
of government services and infrastructure by the government. At the pragmatic level
corruption leads directly to a waste of resources, capital, running
interference for investment, waste of expertise and assistance disappeared.
At the extreme corruption cause instability,
social revolution, and socio-cultural inequalities that occur in a country.
3.
Overview of
Malaysia
and Indonesia
Indonesia
and Malaysia are the two neighboring countries located in Southeast Asia in the
continent of Asia. Both countries became important as the location of objects and
speech writing.4 Negara Malaysia is as
a first study. What conversations will be more
focused in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya as the center of the Capital of Malaysia
and 14 other countries that exist in Peninsular Malaysia including Sabah and
Sarawak. For more details see the following map
layout position notch Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur in Peninsular Malaysia,
precisely in the middle portion Selangor State and other countries, as in the
following map:
Map 2
Map of Peninsular
Malaysia and East Malaysia, Kuala lumpur is located in the middle of the
peninsula surrounded by Selangor State and other countries.
Sources: Wikipedia,
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia, referred to chronicle, 15hb January
2010.
While
the location of the second conversation was focused precisely on the premises
Special Capital Region (DKI) Jakarta as the center of the capital and other
areas within the 33 provinces in
Indonesia. The
entire region could be seen in the map below to clarify the actual geographical
position. Map of whole country Indonesia as
follows:
Map 1
Maps covering the
entire State of Indonesia with 33 (thirty-three) Province, originated from Aceh
Darussalam Nangroe to Papua.
Source: Media
Indonesia, chronicle 13hb Disember 2007.
The
location of the two countries as seen in the map above, it can be demonstrated
that free Malaysia and Indonesia countries, this is a very strategic area
because of border with other countries in Southeast Asia in the continent of
Asia. To
see Malaysia is a country federation consisting of thirteen states
and three territories courant fellowship in Southeast Asia, vast 329,847 square km. The
capital is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya as
its administrative fellowship, a population exceeding 27
million. chief of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
and government headed by a Prime Minister.
Malaysia governance model similar to the parliamentary system
Westminster. My Country Anthem, the largest
city Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia demonim Nation, Malay is official language (Bahasa Malaysia), currency is Malaysian Ringgit. Malaysia
gained independence on Augus 31, In 1957.
Singapore,
Sarawak,
North Borneo, and the Federation of Malaya
joined to form Malaysia on 16th September 1963.
The early years of the new alliance plagued by armed conflict
with Indonesia, and Singapore's on
August 9, 1965.
Malays form
the majority of the population of Malaysia, there are also communities of Chinese-Malaysia
and India-Malaysia
are quite large. Malay language and Islam became
the language of each country and official religion. Malaysia is a pioneer member
of ASEAN
and participates in many international organizations
such as the UN. As a former British colony,
Malaysia is also a member of Commonwealth of
Nations other than a member of the
D-8.
Federation of Malaysia is a constitutional
monarchy. Chief of the Malaysian community is Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly called the King of
Malaysia. Yang di-Pertuan Agong elected from and
by nine Sultan
Malaya Foreign Affairs, to serve
for five years in rotation: four leaders of other countries, who holds Gubenor,
did not participate in the election. As for the
administrative, Malaysia has 13 states (11 in West Malaysia and 2 in East
Malaysia) and 3 union territories (all
three areas combined into one fellowship in the flag of Malaysia)
are represented as lines and corners fourteen stars in the flag of Malaysia called "Bright Path".
Kuala Lumpur is the official capital and largest city of Malaysia. Putrajaya on
the other hand, is seen as a government administrative capital of Malaysia
fellowship. Although many executive and judicial
branches of government alliances have moved there (to avoid the growing
congestion in Kuala Lumpur), but is still regarded as the legislative capital
of Malaysia because that is home to the complex of buildings of Parliament Malaysia. It is also a center of trade and Malaysia finances.
The shape of the Republic of
Indonesia Indonesia namely an island nation that is also known as the Archipelago Islands, lies between the land of Southeast Asia, Australia,
Hindi Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Indonesia is the largest
country in Southeast Asia. For ease of administration,
the country was distributed to 33 provinces,
the Special Region (DI), namely the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and two special autonomous regions namely Nanggroe Aceh
Darussalam and Papua, as
well as a Special Capital Region (DKI) namely Jakarta. Before the era of reform, Indonesia has 27 provinces, with East Timor is the 27th province in July 1976.
However, East Timor was separated through a general election which later became the state of Timor Leste on May 20 2002.
Indonesia practice the system of democracy which is headed by a President, and Pancasila is the soul of
democracy and idiologi’s. Democracy is based on
the Five Principles is called Democracy
Pancasila. Consisting of hundreds of tribal people and nation, the religion and
beliefs vary. Among his people, including ethnic
Batak,
Karo,
Javanese, Sundanese, Banjar, Bugis, Minang, Malays and others. Islam is the
official religion and will major in Indonesia but other religions including
Christianity,
Hinduism and
Buddhism as
well as a religion that is still recognized existence.
4.
Symptoms
and Gap Corruption
Governance in Indonesia and Malaysia
In
Indonesia, corruption due to shifting distribution of power from the center to
local governments after decentralization opened up a gap of corruption on four
main variables, namely the mode usage and income budget expenditures,
procurement, business licensing, and the excesses that lead to the election
kada at pragmatic behavior level of voters.
Building
on some of the above phenomenon, if observed activity at the level of
government organization, there are four important aspects that cause
corruption. First, with regard to the behavior of individuals who
are internally motivated a desire, intention, or even the awareness to do. Second,
aspects related to organizational governance the system of organizing society. Organizations
that are victims of corruption or where corruption occurs normally contribute
because it opens opportunities for corruption. Without the chance of
corruption is relatively not happen.
Third, regulatory aspects, where acts of corruption easily
arise because there are weaknesses in the regulation. The trend is monolistik
regulation, lower quality, less socialized, sanctions are too mild,
inconsistent application of sanctions and indiscriminately, lack of field
evaluation and revision for the sake of making certain aspects of the
regulation to be one open proponent of anti-corruption measures. Fourth,
supervisory aspects agencies made less effective because
of several factors, such as overlapping oversight at various agencies, lack of
professionalism supervisors, lack of coordination between supervisors, lack of
adherence to ethics and the rule of law by the supervisors themselves.
5.
Interaction of
Power and Political Elites
Against Corruption
in Indonesia and Malaysia
The
trend solve problems outside the formal provisions are interesting behavior in
public relations with the government today. This condition can be seen
not only in the resolution of cases before the court, as well as in the government
bureaucracy in general practice. At the
practical level, the practice of local government bureaucracy showed similar
symptoms. Someone will feel faster and more
comfortable dealing with all forms of service in the bureaucracy if it can be
through the back door. As far as services
intended for the right purpose I think is not a problem, even relatively well,
because the formal procedure is merely a tool to achieve that goal is actually
even compromising ethical values. The trend of
settlement outside the formal institutions is a vital service that is not only
beneficial elements within the bureaucracy, but it also bears the social
jealousy and discrimination, in addition to harming the country and for those
who really believe that the formal channel is the only way to achieve the ideal
they want.
Recruitment
of civil servants, for example, those rankings are not necessarily passed if no
record of compromise. Conversely, those who did not enter the ranking may appear
suddenly as long as able to prepare a number of tributes which elements are
able to build the negotiations, as well as tax evasion. The ways out of court settlement has been fertile collusion
to the detriment of the state finance billions of dollars. Look at how symptoms mafia Gayus case to justice in
Indonesia. Borrowing perspective of sociology of
law Rahardjo (2010), a functional approach is much more sensible than spending
energy through legal mechanisms and convoluted. Is
not the ultimate goal is to solve the problem as expectation between the
governing and the governed.
In the
context of the government bureaucracy, behavioral problem solving beyond the
normal custom in many cases have led to excesses of jealousy and social
discrimination. Completion normative unusual pain bureaucracy was show as an
organism living in the midst of society. As well
as organisms, the key cause of social ills come from the symptoms of anomie.
A condition
which, according to Durkheim (1974) limited the rules that govern social
life in order. Void rules (vacuum of rule)
is a source of potential confusion in Durkheim asserts that in creating
a strong and orderly society, individual freedom can only be manifested when
the beliefs and behavior of his best arranged through socialization.
Avoidance of government
action are sometimes extreme of the repressive nature is only possible if the
conditions of freedom of each individual is achieved through adherence to the
government in which all activities are protected. If we agree that
government organizations are organisms that live, grow and flourish, then all
the elements involved in it at least shows the functions that support the
passage of the overall system. Suffered
a number of problems in the bureaucracy, even deliberately maintained and
preserved for the long-term interests suggests that elements in it have not
been working as it functions within the system encourages workings of
government.
The condition is
further compounded by the existence of the system of government itself, but
also a threat that can affect the system in redesigning local government
legislation and elections of regional heads and narrow the gap to control
corruption in local government.5
a.
The use of
budget
Revenue
and Expenditure (Budget) is a systematic detailed list of receipts and
disbursements or expenditures of regions within a certain period (one year). Budget has a strategic
function as a function of allocation, distribution, stabilization,
authorization, planning, control, distribution, intrumentasi, resources, and
political stimulus. Meaningful budget
allocation functions geared to creating jobs, reducing unemployment and waste
of resources, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy.
Distribution function in terms of attention to
the sense of justice and propriety. Economic
stabilization function means budget into a tool to maintain and pursue
fundamental equilibrium of the regional economy.
Authorization
function means budget becomes the basis for implementing revenue and
expenditure for the year. Budget planning function as a guide for management and
planning of the activities in question. Budget
oversight function to be guidelines for assessing the activities of the
regional administration in accordance with the provisions established. The function of resource allocation and income
distribution function is very important, especially in an effort to improve the
welfare of the community. The function of
the principal instruments of creation of economic and social justice. The function of government administration (services,
development and empowerment). Economic
stimulus function, the function of the public interest. The function of political power for the welfare of the
community.
Modus
abuse the use of general budget includes an effort to multiply / increase the
budget in order to increase the allowances and facilities for management and
board members, budget funds for the purposes of the foundation board members
through fictitious, manipulation of evidence of official travel, without the use
of the remaining funds responsibly and without procedures, deviation procedures
for filing and cash disbursements area, the remaining budget manipulation and
manipulation in the procurement process. Efforts to increase the budget done by
using a technical instrument that provides unlimited ceiling or taking even the
highest limits the ability of the region in terms of finance and inadequate
regional tipelogi. Swelling of the budget
is actually not directly related to corruption head region, but the approval of
the regional head allows the head area of responsibility in the matter.
These
provisions are strictly regulate and limit the distribution of social grants
and community organizations through a number of requirements. In the case of
manipulation of trips made by mode reproduce
consultations, workshops, education and training, study visits and technical
guidance. Swelling budget for travel expenses in the general
employee has reached the brink area.6 Regional governments and parliaments as to believe that
the use of budget through official travel is the safest way out of the threat
of corruption. Ways so easy to find due to
the lack of instruments to limit the frequency of head and DPR business trip in
a week, a month or a year.7 Official travel budget allocation is done by simply
estimating the average frequency of trips local heads of government and members
of parliament in the previous year by taking the highest estimate.
The
impact of anti-corruption measures using technical budget eventually eliminate
the initial planning design focus, as well as more distant from the ideal
functionality budget itself. Meaningful allocation functions to create jobs, reduce
unemployment and waste of resources, and improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of the economy moves into the budget allocation to individual
persons or groups adjacent to the power. Distribution
function in terms of attention to the sense of justice and propriety turned
into injustice and impropriety. The
indication can be seen in the accumulated wealth of a group of people,
impoverishing the masses and show the consumer behavior among local elites.
Economic stabilization function, which means
budget into a tool to maintain and pursue fundamental equilibrium of the
regional economy would lead to a deficit in the number of local governments.8
Wheels
governments seem slow due to personnel expenditures exceed the durability of
the economic fundamentals. Authorization function that makes budget as a basis for
implementing revenue and expenditure has now become the basis of a deliberate
legitimized a reference to efforts to legalize corruption in the eyes of the
public. Budget planning function that
should guide the management in planning activities as the basis for planning
exchanging interests of local government, parliament and political parties.
Budget oversight functions which serve as
guidelines for assessing local governance activities become blurred over the
wishes of head and parliament.
The
function of the distribution of income, especially in improving the welfare of
the people turning to efforts to improve the welfare of local government
officials. Instrumentation function in creating economic and
social justice to be justice-function switch for local governments alone.
The function of government administration in the
form of services, development and empowerment stagnated amid elite interests.
The function of the stimulus in terms of economic
growth away from expectations. Function to
accommodate the interests of the community to deal with the bureaucracy.
Finally, the function of political power for the
welfare of the people fell into a political force to make the party.
Almost
no corruption loopholes expensive cost of procurement of goods and services,
because most of the government's budget is used for public spending in various
sectors. Here is the reason why 85% of the regional head play
whirl of corruption in the procurement of goods and services. If the note even though the contract value per year for
the procurement of goods and services is very large, in fact tenders always
involves a lot of players (contractors) that opens opportunities for bribery,
extortion, or any other illegal forms of payment. Bribery became the dominant mode for illegal payments
to win major contracts and concessions in general has become a business
opportunity for high-level officials and contractors. Technically bribery in the procurement of goods and
services is done to get some destinations.
Firstly, companies or employers
willing to pay to be included in the list of pre-qualified bidders and limit. Secondly, the company is willing to pay to get
information about the project from the inside. Thirdly, making illegal payments to officials set the tender
specifications so that companies that pay would be the only suppliers who pass
the prequalification. Fourth,
illegal payments to win contracts intended. In this connection, when the process occurs in a single
round, then the consequences that must be accepted is inflate the price and a
decrease in the quality of goods and services produced. Here is why the public as consumers assess the quality
of local government services away from what is expected, including those paid
through taxes and the people felt betrayed by his own choice.
Anti-corruption
measures in the public procurement process can be observed through a number of stages / procedures in
almost all government agencies. Stage starts from the needs assessment / determination of
requirements, preparation of design and preparation of tender documents,
selection of participants and the determination of the winning bidder, and the
execution of work. Phase difference has
the consequence differences between the patterns of corruption by the
government and bidders. Firstly,
the stage needs assessment / determination of needs often pose non harusan
investments and purchases. Trends in the
offers of several companies to make the deal even though its value is little or
no benefit to the community.
In
addition the investment is economically unfair and destructive mechanisms. On the other hand the
risk that happening benefiting suppliers. To
be unfair competition conducted by the goods and services that exceed
the requirements increased. For local
governments and members of parliament who expedite tender logically earn that sort of money thanks (kickback)
is included in the financial budget (usually through certain agreement with contractors).
At a certain level the parties concerned and involved
in the conflict (conflict of interest) draw policy makers to influence
the bidding process by pressing the tender committee. Secondly, the preparation stage design and preparation of
tender documents through a strategy which guides the tender documents or made to favor one a
contractor, so there can be no competition when bidding takes place. Another way is to
increase or decrease the amount of goods or services needed to benefit a few
contractors.
To
break up the concentration of supervisors, project complexity in the tender
documents and guidelines are intentionally omitted in order to hide corruption
plans. This stage is also often involves a consultant for
planning projects that benefit multiple bidders. Finally, governments seem to trespass the principle of
direct appointment. Thirdly,
the stage of selection of participants and the determination of the winning
bidder includes efforts where policymakers being unfair (since incorruptibility
expect money thanks) or a conflict of interest. Selection in the area took place over a very subjective
criteria to facilitate the policy makers take over the role in it. Local government officials who want the advantages
often provide confidential information before the bidding begins with the
benefit of one or more bidders. Of course,
such information is not provided to all bidders.9
Abuse
of confidentiality including confidential documents in reality it is
transmitted so that the resulting process monitoring and control difficult. The only stage that can
be said is a fair election
stage winning bidder is announced to the public by certain newspapers. Corruption also abundant when the payment of the price
is very expensive though not necessarily win. These charges are in many cases can not be justified. Fourth, the implementation phase
of the work includes concrete reality of the process through which the bidders
so as to replace it with a
contractor to lower the price of goods, poor quality or different from the
approved contract specifications. As a
result, the quality of goods and services away from what has been specified.
The poor results lead to improved job that
requires more expensive than it should be.
Worse,
re-negotiating contracts or replacement of a contract clause that fundamental
conducted field supervisors and operators who have to be rewarded adequately. In this regard, the
price increase due to change as a result of changes in contract specifications
coupled with increased costs for bribes to facilitate collusion. In certain cases the results of the procurement of
goods and services spawned demands intentionally made up. Worse, supervisors or
observers have been purchased or are not independent so they made untrue statements or
false reports that do not correspond to the actual condition. Consequently,
renegotiation substantial changes or additions to the contract may make the
tender process becomes useless.
c.
Business
Licensing Services
One
of the policy objectives of bureaucratic reform to the local government level
is accelerating service over the principles of efficiency and effectiveness. Service is demanding
the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability.
Bureaucratic reform is not only intended to
reorganize the structure of government as a means of following objectives and
systems that followed, more than that required changes in organizational
culture of government in order to realize a fair and fairnes service.
Fairnes ensure equitable services and
government ensure the needs of society equally and proportionately. The
highlight of the opposite behavior is detrimental to public corruption. Barriers to public service in the form of services
difficult to access, procedure complicated, unclear costs and the mushrooming
practice of bribery is an opportunity where corruption is present in the answer
constraints.
Anti-corruption
measures in the licensing service starts when the above inhibiting factors
blocking in the middle of the road.
The entrepreneurs who have the capital to
understand that the most effective way is start the licensing process from the
top (top down), if not from below (bottom up). The pattern of the license is usually done by using
direct policy makers such as Ministers, Governor, Regent / Mayor.15 Bottoms tend to turn a blind eye if given meager
rations, or even shut up if you do not want to shift from strategic positions.
While the pattern of licensing under done if the
government officials in the area have direct access to the head of the region,
or in other words, pandering to the head area. In this pattern of regional heads do not seem directly
related to the employer but not blind approved through the back door.
Services
business license to open a gap of corruption in the form of bribes from the
authorities to switch freely from the central government to the regions. The trend can be seen
in areas that have the potential of mining and agriculture. Price permission to open the mine can rise sharply
depending the volume of minerals in each region. For the cost of negotiations before made a number of requirements
such as Mining Business License can reach over five billion. Cost does not include
the cost of a permit at the central level. The consequences of the economic cost (high cost
economy) eventually becomes a burden and complaints entrepreneurs. Worse in some areas of the entrepreneurs complained
that the permit did not arrive as anticipated maintenance costs have absorbed a
lot. These conditions exacerbate the image
of local government as well as central government when dealing with outside
investors. In other cases the employer can
obtain a license is yet to hand umpteenth causing problems in the field.
Local governments often deliberately toying
entrepreneurs to profit as much as possible by issuing multiple license.10
At
a later stage a nationwide business license requires the approval of the
central government. Here entrepreneurs face more vulnerable to corruption
and bureaucracy. A number of departments
that have implemented e-procure administratively able to reduce
corruption where the offender is restricted opening face the bureaucrats except
through the information system has been designed in such a way. However the application of e-procure without
scrutiny fact remains open opportunities for corruption, businessmen and
bureaucrats looking for a gap to come face to face (face to face) at the
agreed location.17 Mode thus ultimately not support the system that has
been designed to prevent the opening of anti-corruption measures, due to the
culture that serves the community and the police are not congruent with the
spirit and efforts to prevent corruption.
d.
Ekses local
elections
The
need for voter support in the election spawned the inevitable excesses. This has opened a gap
of corruption for local heads to raise money power of the bureaucracy in
particular the incumbent candidate. Incumbent candidate tends to utilize a number of
tactical funds tucked or intentionally deposited on almost any unit of local
government carried out a year before the party of democracy. Indeed the local democratic party became the arena of
popular sovereignty channel area is not polluted by political tradition money.
Concessions are usually built with local
government officials in terms of promotion, demotion or transfer. Here happen politicization of bureaucracy in which
local government officials tend to be pragmatic and realistic. The impact of planning in the design so that the incumbent
in terms of logistical support through a number of the budget that invented or
exceeded. Cracks can be seen corruption in
the election of a few things such as the determination of a candidate by a
political party boat, manipulation of campaign finance and money politics.
The
high rate of political parties is one factor driving uptake budget amount for
illegal interests. For example, each candidate is essentially required to
fund the election, returns of capital that has been issued, as well as
post-election debt. Mode that is often
used is to involve partners and political networks that contribute in the
procurement of goods and services. Cracks
corruption begins with providing social assistance through civil society
organizations that have been mobilized. Social
grants are available through a number of allocations that had previously been
deposited in a local government unit (usually departments / agencies / offices
that handle social problems).
Voters
mobilized into groups and community organizations are given enough money in the
package or envelope initialed a particular candidate so the practice of
money politics seem blurry.11 Issue usual target is a social organization that has a
broad mass base. In many cases such
patterns tend to increase one year before the election or even later as a form
of gratitude (kickback). In general
politicization of the budget cycle (political budget cycle) are used to
influence voters through social assistance with the goal of improving sentiment
for a particular pair wins.
In
some cases it was found that the budget gap duplication sourced from national
and regional budgets for salaries and administration expenditure components
affect the high cost of holding the election. At this stage of the
distribution of funds during the campaign so far obscured the political elite
in terms of cost (political costs), not the politics of money as public
suspicion. Disorientation is quite dubious
when the facts show that the standard political fare exceeds regulations so it
is easy to conclude the practice of money politics. Cases of this kind of dilemma for the election
supervisory body or committee. Here's an
example of money in politics compilation mode Keerom in Papua Province in the
election of 2010.
Table 1
Compiling
Political Money By mode on
Papua
Keerom Election 2010
|
|
Modus
|
Number
|
|
1
|
Division of Money Directly
|
25th
|
|
2
|
Division of Food
Packages
|
17th
|
|
3
|
Mobile Card distribution
|
32
|
|
4
|
Budget Procurement
Bazar
|
3
|
|
5
|
Giving
Electronic Goods
|
11th
|
|
6
|
Perform Repair Roads
|
27th
|
Sources:
District Election Commission.
Keerom, 2010.
The
table can be generalized though not yet enough to show that activity in the
mode of election over budget relative influence in the region. Cash distribution mode,
groceries, cheap bazaar and street improvements are vulnerable duplicated in a
program at a local government unit. Such
programs often the above named directly by the incumbent candidate
despite the fact financed from the budget. In this regard, the head of areas at risk to suffer the
consequences after the election executed.
6.
Indication
Challenges in Combating
Corruption in
Realize Good Governance
in Malaysia and Indonesia
As one
of the speakers in a variety of workshops on the concept of nationalism, the
dynamics of local democracy and political governance, I feel the need to teach
about crisis back statesmen and symptoms of corruption in the middle of the day
so groundslaag Pancasila as the state and nation. In some places held a
discussion titled missed a statesman, some quotes and make it as an
introduction speech. Unfortunately, great things
about the crisis was born statesman of the thinking of many civil society,
instead of growing government awareness. Thus
natural picture, because no one knows for sure what the patient of the illness
even though he may not feel well unless done at the doctor's diagnosis. That is one reason why I am trying to be present in a variety
of seminar invitations political, legal, economic and social culture, the
answer is only one, to find out exactly what the illness government so easy
dispensing prescriptions for the healing action of the mild to the most chronic
in the heart of government .
As our
government scientists like doctors, our job is to detect where the symptoms are
felt by all actors both the central and local levels. If symptoms are only valid in
certain parts, then the therapy is done at the local scope only so as not to
spread everywhere. Severe when the disease hit in
idap right in the central nervous power, of course we need the extra
sophisticated equipment including experienced specialists, can not simply
transfer to the shaman let alone
handled by a certified masseur
reflection by a street. If our government's
chronic conditions or the medical term coma, should be dealt with seriously in
the emergency room, or it is not impossible that there should be amputated
innocent gets spread. Government is the most
concrete organizational structure of the system state (Caporaso: 1992).
As an
organism, then the government can only grow, expand and collapse in the
future. Therefore,
if the government feels a little coughs and colds when building communication,
the communication should doctors have to diagnose why the government
administration stutter and hesitate when it comes to fuel policies or what he
thinks is good for the benefit of the people. When
government policies are all experiencing strong resistance at the grassroots
level, the physician governance policy and sociology of government should
urgently put out a record that policies formulated immediately return or
consulted with the pickers benefits at the grassroots level is the wider
community.
Had
the government had a fever in the whole body of management, then the doctor
needs to issue a memo government management that government management patterns
creased during this be improved through consistent bureaucratic reform. If the government feels dizzy
around the administrative services, the physician needs to immediately amputate
administration service levels convoluted for efficient and effective in serving
the public interest. If government laws sharp
knife down but blunt and above, it is necessary to rule of law physician
surgeon asked why we feel immune system when dealing with certain diseases.
This
is what in centile Sahetapy JE (2012)
as a lecturer plate red, yellow and black. Especially if it just sat waiting for
face-to-face, of course, weak-weak faith. Clearly
the government as well as lost productivity harmed statesman. In this context, I stand to discuss the crisis statesman this
time. As I've communicated with a few friends,
the statesman is a person who has a distant future (visionary), think
and act according to the judgment of the nation, and are willing to subordinate
personal interests and factions for the interests of the people. Statesmen are not necessarily born from state officials.
A statesman is typically called after all the
dedication demonstrated during life without being asked, unless we ourselves
cherish after died. Call it national in scope
such as Sukarno, Hatta, Agus Salim, Hashim Asary, Syahrir or General Sudirman.
Sphere,
the universe was so Muhammad SAW and other figures. Those who think broadly about
how to achieve the good of all elements in the country for me is the statesman
despite never having worked his way up from the secretarial office of headman.
Elements of a country thought in the interests of the
people, government, homeland aka dignity and sovereignty of this nation.
With that basis I would argue that the statesman could
come from anywhere. If he was a teacher, then
the mind and actions must be embodied into the effort to change their students
become the generation that is not only intelligent and resilient to face the
reality of life, but it can emit noble values such as belief in God, have a high sense of humanity,
capable of uniting the split, democratic, social and environmental justice. All the skills and the value
was expected to be the capital in society, governing, keeping the homeland as
well as the dignity of the nation and the state.
Symptoms
corruption course statesmanship mortal enemy of nature, where the way of
thinking and acting within a narrow impressed, elitik, egoistic, sektoralistik,
consumerist, exclusive, pragmatic and individualistic, far from the way of
thinking and acting for the benefit of the nation. The simple, corruption is a
way of thinking and acting pragmatically, not vice versa. Although corruption has a positive side to strengthen patron-clien
conservative mind as Huntington (1992),
but within the framework of the democratic political system seems to tolerate
it is impossible for us to grow and develop since the collapse of authoritarian
politics into a hotbed for corruption during this pollination. For me, corruption is a symptom that can grow everywhere,
whether in the political system democratic, authoritarian, the more
totalitarian. I need to be reminded that
corruption is not solely owned by the political system authoritarian or
totalitarian designs allergy surveillance, the democratic political system may
become a kind of cultural corruption collectively maintained. If the characteristics of authoritarian nature of
individuals, then the democratic system could be grown based on the principles
of kinship and mutual support.
Also another condition in Malaysia where there is a
perception of bribery related to the "beyond" directly contradicted
reality because it does not reflect Malaysia's growing steadily in the social
and economic development, said Felo right thing Institute of Democracy and
Economic Ehwal (IDEAS) Yusal Anis Yusoff. According to him, Malaysia's record of
achievement in terms of both revenue and foreign resurfacing of local
entrepreneurs so generate solid economic growth and high levels of development.
He said again that despite Rasuah Perceptions Index
(CPI) Malaysia recorded a 4.3 eye the Transparency International 2011 report,
but the levels of steady growth ever since the country's 12 years off, with
average growth of 4.8 percent from year to year. Even "The study inquired
about where to find ever made with Malaysia will not reach
the levels planting
stock,
levels of growth and human resources development levels enjoyed today, assuming
the country is so sunk in terms of corruption as depicted," he said in a
paper entitled "Eliminate corruption: Understanding corruption Prevention Initiatives in Malaysia."
This paper contains 72 pages spread out on the forum
entitled "Combating corruption: How far we triumph?"
closure inaugurated by former prime minister Tun
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the Academy Suruhanjaya Rasuah Prevention in Kuala
Lumpur. Anis Yusal said Malaysia had a quick view
of the recovery in 2010, with high levels of growth in both parts reach over 10
percent. He said Malaysia also attracts number of
shares directly from the foreign investor (FDI) to levels that are very sturdy.
He said again that "growers levels more
associated with feedback about corruption, compared with other economies and it always instructions, that free people
will estimate
corruption
elevated levels of practice will insulate conceded FDI," he said. He said the CPI eyes showed
elevated levels of consciousness that may form among the people and their
awareness of the negative impression of corruption on society and the country's
economic development. "In a sense, this is a positive trend. Indeed something encouraging
when seeing the crowd gave the foundation to this important issue and want it royal improve accountability to answer," he
said. He said there was the possibility of an increase in the perception that
free people against corruption comes from political campaign experts who accuse
others of corruption is practiced more when compared with the real situation.
e.
Gap Control of
Corruption
Of
the four loopholes of corruption in local government, serious efforts are
needed to control the width of opening up opportunities for future development. Control can be done
through monitoring is a preventive and curative. One obstacle in monitoring the growth and development
of corruption in various regions of Indonesia is a vast stretch of territory.
As a result, a relatively distant from the
central government due to corruption easily grown lax oversight, lack of
resources and limited personnel understanding the rules.12
Preventive
control can be done through the first, the need for change in the
management system of strict budget in order to limit corruption in the use of
the budget gap. System changes in a concrete form of the application of
information technology and e-procure that can be accessed directly using
the public budget, in addition to the licensing process and the tender for the
procurement of goods and services can take place transparently. The system changes the mechanism also involves indirect
election by the legislature in order to lessen the burden and excess direct
elections to the posture of the budget. At
the level of implementation of the legal framework should be comprehensive,
applying the principles of transparency, clear rules accommodate and limit
excessive discretion. With no local
government authority over local legislation should be able to build the system
of procurement of goods and services that are transparent and accountable.
Also needs to be prepared Standard Operation
Procedure (SOP), which aims to simplify, not complicate at all SKPD
barriers to prevent corruption in the context of open gap licensing services
business.
Secondly, the need for oversight by supervisors qualitative
internal, external, functional, politics and society in order to minimize the
gap opening of corruption in local government. Thirdly, the need
to improve human resource management and welfare officials to minimize the
impulse to control the sources within the government. Fourth, the
need must be accompanied sanctions for local governments to make strategic
planning and performance accountability reporting agencies.
Fifth, the need to improve the quality management system
implementation and application of standards and measurable spending to avoid
multiple interpretations are no loopholes for officials in conducting
interpretation and improvisation on the grounds disparity in each local
government. In the procurement activity
required an independent tender committee of the society so that membership is
not solely dominated by the local government. Committee who is the commissioner can make a complaint procedure
for bidders to enforce rules, monitoring and evaluation as well as to apply the
principles of good governance. Sixth,
in the long run necessary political education to the voters so that they do not
become the object of the election but has a pragmatic bargaining position
against the candidates.
7.
Purposes
Religious values in the
Prevention of Corruption in Indonesia and Malaysia
A
social research by Scherazade S Rehman and Hossein Askari from
The George Washington University is reviewed Komaruddin Hidayat themed How
Islamic are Islamic Countries assess New Zealand was first on the Islamic
country among 208 countries, followed by Luxembourg in second. While Indonesia's Muslim
majority in fact ranks 140. The results were
published in the Global Economy Journal (Berkeley Electronic Press, 2010).
a.
The Need for Experience
and Islami Life
The
question is how far the essence of Islamic teachings to understand and
influence the behavior of the Muslim community in social and state? Basic tenets of Islam are
used as indicators of the methodology drawn from the al-Qur'an and al-Hadith.
Both researchers were grouped into five aspects, is as follows:
First, with regard to the Islamic
doctrine of one's relationship with God and human relationships (hablu min
Allah wa hablun min al-nas). Secondly, the economic system and the principle of fairness in political
and social life. Thirdly, the system of laws and government. Fourth
, human rights and political rights. Fifthly, the Islamic
teachings relating to international relations and non-Muslim communities.
Through indicators that have been developed, the study
projected to weigh the quality of sustainability Islamization of 56 Muslim
countries that became members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
the average was at number 139 out of 208 countries surveyed results.
Both
researchers concluded, "it is our belief that most self-declared and
labeled Islamic countries are not conducting their affairs in accordance with
Islamic teachings - at least when it comes to economic, financial, political,
legal, social and governance policies". From 56 OIC member states,
who obtained the highest score is Malaysia (ranked 38), Kuwait (48), United
Arab Emirates (66), Morocco (119), Saudi Arabia (131), Indonesia (140),
Pakistan (147 ), Yemen (198), and the worst is Somalia (206). Western countries considered close to Islamic values are Canada at number (7), UK (8), Australia (9), and
the United States (25).
If a
Muslim has implemented the five pillars of Islam, creed, prayer, fasting,
charity, pilgrimage he had felt perfect. The more frequent pilgrimage, the more perfect
and beat his Islam. Whereas the mission of the
Prophet came to build a civilization which has three main pillars of knowledge,
piety, and noble character or integrity. This is
according to research Rehman and Askari Islamic world in crisis. If Komaruddin Hidayat suggested the need for further research
in the direction of a political party with the question How Islamic are
Islamic political parties to get an idea of how far the Islamic religious
parties that carries the symbol of Islam,
then the local government perspective, I also helped put together a question How
Islamic are Islamic of Local Government in Indonesia? By using variables and indicators are agreed, we wanted to
see how Islamic whether areas of intense boost regulations of Islamic law than not implementing Islamic
Sharia regulations.
Perhaps government that had been keen
to build up the area with the regulations of Islamic law it is no more Islamic
society and in the context of governing than governments that do not apply the
regulations of Islamic law. If this can be done and the result shows that the regulations
that implement Islamic law in terms of governance and socially better, then
perhaps we need to push the need to reorganize the local government model.
But if otherwise, then those who have been passionate
about carrying the foundation governing Islamic society and reflect back so it
is suggested that not distort the teachings of Islam itself that is rahmattan
lil 'Alamin.
b.
Rooted
Leader or Leafy
Are
our leaders grow from a broad social base or whether it came from the sky as
the incarnation of the gods? If our leaders really grown and developed from the grassroots
tier, meaning he was born as a leader rooted. Conversely,
if it grows out of the transaction elites to form a leader, it means that he is
a born leader who leaves. Certainly not in the
dictionary of our leadership is a mustachioed leader, unless they are actually
biologically mustache. Perhaps they were
whiskered rooted born leader, or vice versa. For
the German people, Hitler was the leader of the roots, as well as a small
mustache main attraction.
Leaders
who are rooted, beard also mustache.
Rooted, because as a leader can touch bureaucrat to
head the various local government unit in contact with the public service.
Leaders are also some elite leafy believe that the
person concerned be able to run the government properly only after a variety of
experiences lead. Leaders are those whose roots
grow from the ground, supported by a broad social basis, have access to the
community, and heroically tested in the course of history. Leader so often we are familiar with the term grassroots
leaders.
Grassroots
leaders were usually born of non-formal education and direct contact with the
societal problems as experienced by Mahatma Gandhi or Nelson Mandela. They grow and flourish and
participate tasted social
joys and sorrows are usually strong and durable as a leader. This is in marked contrast to those who become leaders as
supported elite's leafy beard growing from the top. The leaders of such highly oriented upwards, no matter what
condition the people. Leaders who grow and
develop with this condition would clearly serve the elite supporters, do not
expect to serve the community. They were born as
a leader leaves usually easily fall through the power of the people (people
power). The only way to defend yourself is
hiding behind the curtains of power elites.
They
were born just as satisfied if the bearded leader able to please his boss,
instead of serving the public. The indication is clear, the leaders rather than building up
consulting downward communication. In practice
in the area can be seen, for example, the frequency of visits by leaders and
elites to the center is much higher than the visiting groups. But if the balance, not more spending if the elites are
central to bringing the many tributes that spread everywhere in the hope of
later flowering. Compare if they want to attend
and listen to people's complaints seriously for a few minutes, is not by itself
what they invest in the form of oral, written and spurious aid could have broad
impact for themselves? Leaders such as low
empiriknya experience amongst the people and a loss of sense of belonging
resulted in the decision making away from the expectations of the public, even
directly contribute to severe hardship. By that
we need to be looking for leaders who truly rooted so stand up, not easily
affected by the typhoon, let alone to collapse just because it is supported by
thick verdant leaves.
c.
Supervise
Potential Poor Governance
In the
political sphere, is a symptom of government activity that intervenes in human
life. He
followed every change that occurs, whether the change in individuals, the more
the group. Because of earlier changes, so do not
be surprised if the government activity often changes, including in the context
of a change of purpose. The problem is, how the
government should be constructed so that it becomes relatively organizational
structure capable of ensuring the sustainability of civilized coexistence.
In reality the people, every time the circulation of
power (elections and elections) are often spawned a number of actors in the
style of leadership paradox. Those who used revolutionary,
vehemently opposed crime, anti the establishment could be changed to be more
conservative, did not face any pressure reactive, past-oriented, fast to the
old traditions as well as being the status quo.
Even
those who originally portrayed anarchists in the field, as if there is
no compromise with the ruling regime, demonstrative and never give up, now that
a ruler gets a more systemic to develop the potential of totalitarianism in
government politics. In this context, each individual vigilance is required
against any change of the regime in power. Government,
through the potential evil inherent kindness, some times in conjunction with
the potential to be a major threat to the freedom of individuals and groups in
society. Against it, reminding us of the record Mc.
Iver (1992), some individuals believe that
government is a necessary evil. Crime, where
most social behavior is set to forcibly from paying taxes to the cemetery
occupies twice the size of the meter by the funeral service. When the government robs the entire rights of individuals and
groups, then this is where the government is often seen as a symptom of a crime
that is not only required but also limited.
Instead,
he needs associated with our awareness of the need for protection from the
threat of any individual or group at any time to come over to us. Although the government
considered the enemy of individual freedom, threats to life and the common
good, but at the same time the government recognized as the organization needed
once missed. The doctrine of the individual is
thus not mistaken views but to raise awareness of any change of government
actions that have the potential bad. Because
after all the government is simply a collection of individuals, of course not
able to release personal interest immediately. In
simple language, rousseau argues that the free life, all the evil plan and
struggling to make a profit for himself.
A
President, Governor, Regent, Mayor, Head, Village Chief, chief, including the
entire governmental apparatus in the service of course automatically get the
benefits of each service they perform. And all of it can not be avoided, either
honorarium, performance benefits, the basic tasks to work outside part-time
incentive to serve the public. If the benefits
are not obtained directly in the form of material, at least any government
actor honored before the public through a brilliant achievement for the service
rendered.
If so,
then the opposite logic states that government actors are reluctant to serve
the people is simply a collection of poor and trustworthy servant, besides of
course worse than the government is.
Is not it obvious they neglect their own interests,
even openly showing acute symptoms of autism. Avoidance of self-government actors over responsibility to
the community to show symptoms in which the government is not able to recognize
itself as a collection of individuals concerned, as well as showing the failure
of the elite group that is responsible for all public expectations.
Conditions in Malaysia is also where Datuk Seri Najib
Razak outlined six approaches that need to be practiced civil servants to face
the challenges and threats of the global economic crisis, including the ranking
supervisor asks an employee to deduct attorney made the decision to follow evade personal practice corruption. In addition, they need to
always hold on to the value of integrity in the system of government, as well
as making public use sector
has high integrity. He also confirmed that
another approach should be taken by civil servants, especially the finance
ministry officials are strengthen intellectuality capital to allow the government to make
decisions is appropriate.
It really illustrates how konsisi government in
Malaysia to take a stand in eliminate corruption.
He added another jam it by saying that the treasury that
helped provide services to other agencies and ministries need to improve
service delivery and system effectiveness of the service
sedlain that, Najib also called on officers and
staff to use think the power of ideas to give a better, more innovative and
creative to produce decisions and solve problems with something memorable.
Even through he is expecting a message to all staff in
the civil service or work should attach importance to the decision or the
result of a development project meets the objective memorable for every
ministry and kingdom and the need to always ensure any allocation of funds
provided by the government for development projects can provide value in kind
in accordance with a reasonable allocation for the benefit of society.
The government handlers in bringing employees from
corruption and collusion, the government set up a special area of the court to
hear and discuss the various cases of corruption as announced by the Minister
in Title Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Nazri Aziz. It can give a fairly
convincing people about the seriousness of the authorities in the fight against
corruption which may destroy the country. According
to Nazri, who made the announcement when reading
the discussion Rang Suruhanjaya Prevention Act Rasuah Malaysia (SpRM) and then
be passed in the House of Representatives, regarding not only the embodiment
court can resolve the issue pending cases, but also to prove the sincerity of
the government received many plans, including from what opposition parties from
the community.
When debate Rang Act SPRM before that some members of the House
of Representatives plan in court as it is embodied to reduce the burden on
ordinary judicial tribunal which is already burdened with a criminal case and
the civil heaps more. With the court whose duties solely to control the related
cases of corruption and collusion, misuse power and for instance, it is
certainly the case thus can be solved with more cepant and memorable without
the many forced to wait long for their turn to be judged and even guarded
solution to eradicate rampant corruption in some government institutions.
In addition, he is also expected to give satisfaction
to the people who was always cynical about the royal and government efforts in
the fight against corruption over the years. It is not denied that the
general perception, even among outsiders, about corruption in Malaysia since
several years recent less
well, although immoral activities some was not as bad as in other countries including the building
premises.
According to these negative perceptions, then after
the Supreme set up Typical corruption given along
with the House of Representatives passing the embodiment SPRM later, and the
establishment appointment Suruhanjaya Justice (SPK) and
Rang Witness Protection Act of 2008, which are and will debated, will no doubt be open era or
a new chapter in Malaysian government's efforts to eradicate corruption in the
country can be well above and memorable.
It should also said here that in Malaysia in an effort to combat koruspi
two-dimensional, namely prevention and prosecution. In this connection, a special
court embodiment, SPRM, SPK and Witness Protection Act coupled with the efforts
being carried out there willing to institutions such as the National Institute
of Integrity, capable expected
to function well as the infrastructure that would be scary individual or group
even high officials who have a tendency of corruption against the interests of
the country could be solved. If this be
incarnated as an institution to realize the fact, most of the battle against
corruption has almost succeeded. The court will
only play a role as a complement to these efforts.
However, this does not mean that the court and the
sentence is not important. It is a commonplace that man is composed of two types between
good and evil. Individuals who are evil
temperament will continue to have a tendency to make the crime, including
corruption, and even as good as any regulations imposed heavy penalties imposed
or usually the culprit is still not a deterrent. By
then, the next step would have been the ruling government needs to show in the
form of the action in the reverse true passion embodiment various entities and
laws that have been and will be passed the House of Representatives.
However, we could not deny that corruption had
difficulty in some instances such as difficulty obtaining evidence,
unwillingness of witnesses to appear before, shortage of staff, employees and
others that have often avoided to support the duly Rasuah Abatement Board will
not form again with SPRM and Witness Protection Act. In view of this perspective,
it is clear that the act of judgment that is driven along the embodiment SPRM
SPK and the introduction of new laws to protect witnesses and court official
escort is more than an attempt to fulfill the promise once made the Barisan Nasional in the
2004 General Kingdom selections. In addition he is also more than an attempt peribadi Prime
Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi as Prime Minister of Malaysia to-5
before leaving legacy timbalannya government and handed over to Muhammad Najid
Tun Razak.
Indeed, these efforts are beginning a new era in the
history of Malaysia in the fight against corruption, misuse of authority and
various other forms of fraud. Hopefully one day soon, the country of Malaysia is recognized
and acknowledged as the cleanest country in the world although this ranking
process requires a long time.
d.
Corruption Stonewall State Progress
Corruption and collusion which gives automakers
greater latitude in Malaysia and Indonesia countries are a reflection of the
quality and handling of government a country. Most studies
about the effect of corruption suggests that it could lead to very low levels
of economic growth. This is
because the element of corruption and collusion is biased stymie participation
of local investors and foreign investors inhibit conceded to sesebuah country.
In addition, the evidence shows that the
problem of corruption has burdened the stock market is erratic, control of the
banking system is not robust and low capital market. In other words, countries that practice this
corruption at high price to pay for development programs, especially in the
economic development of the country.
Indeed, it is not marveled why corruption eradication
agenda to be one of several important agendas that need to be addressed by the
leadership of any major countries including Malaysia and Indonesia. Evidence
seriousness Malaysian leaders to combat this problem can be seen through the
embodiment Institute of Integrity Malaysia (IIM) and facilitate the National
Integrity Slow (PIN) in April 2004 after only a few months namely inducted
Abdullah Ahmad Badawai hold office of Prime Minister 5th. This agenda continues beyond the continuous
expressed in most his official utterances during his tenure as head of state.
However Rasuah Perceptions Index Report (CPI) 2006 released
by Transparency International (TI) which has
caused slight question mark among the public on the existence of businesses run
by the royal government of Malaysia to combat the symptoms of corruption.
It's roughly the studies involving
community feedback traders and analysts state the atmosphere of corruption in
Malaysia has shown that free decision applies slight decline versus the 2005
and 2004 want even 2003. According to the CPI 2006, Malaysia topped the
world-44 versus the stairs to the 39th for 2005 and 2004, as well as the stairs
to the 37th for 2003. Likewise, in
terms of eye gratuities are listed namely 4.9 percent, 5.1 percent decline
compared to 2005; 5.0 percent (2004) or 5.2 percent (2003).
More interesting if we can associate it with the TI
report perceptual assessment report made by The Business Ethics Of Malaysia (Beim) with the
cooperation of the University of Nottingham Malaysia and Binary University
College of the public trust against those involved in 15 selected areas of
work. Between the areas of work
that were examined are doctors, teachers, professors, ministers, political
leaders and trade experts. Decision,
the respondent's stage of trust politicians, leaders and ministers of trade is
very low. Each won 11%, 16% and
20% of respondents trust and are in list versus the bottom three doctors (72%),
teachers (67%) and professors (58%) who are in the top three listings. The link between both of them is about his form
equations of the main case on the matter integrity measured namely principally
involving about leadership and management in the country.
In the CPI, the traders and analysts feel the
corruption in Indonesia is greatly increased despite the increase in Malaysia
also did not like the increase in Indonesia. The increase is
of course based on their observation of the world of politics and the world
economy in the second country. At
the same time also quizzed respondents about beim feel they can not trust the
politicians and economic leaders. Indirectly
we may say here, the main issue that led to the issue of integrity is actually
more concentrated to the matter of leadership and management in the public
sector mahupun private sector. In
other words, if the politicians and economic leaders practice noble values in their daily
practice, of course, Malaysia and Indonesia CPI is equal to some Scandinavian
countries are often recorded 9.6 - 9.7 percent for several years kebelakangan
eye this. At least we were able to compete successfully
entrench Singapore's position on the ladder to-5 list of the most excellent decision prevent corruption
perception with eye purata 9.4 percent for the entire period 2002-2006 and
2007-2010.
However, to achieve success in the eradication of
corruption and collusion efforts, efforts need to be done in the continuous and
comprehensive. Although there are times when success can not
be achieved as desired, at least he can deduct the impression to the problems
faced. In connection with those
efforts to improve and strengthen the integrity of the stage system of
governance and management of a nation and the states should increase. Likewise, attempts to cultivate moral values among members of
the community, both young an old want even. What do like this efforts take a long time. However, he needs to start from now if we Want to see Malaysia and
Indonesia into developed countries by 2020 will be.
e.
Islamic
Solution in Regarding Corruption
Culture of Corruption and collusion has actually been
first recognized by Islam and the best way to overcome cultural and escort has
been provided. The first step has strongly expressed by Islam forbids namely
to be memorable without contrast ansur with corruption, such as the words of
the Prophet narrated by at-Tirmizi who intends: "The receiver and giver of
bribery will be placed in the fire of hell." This act was also condemned by Allah loudly as stated in
another hadith narrated by Ahmad who intends: "Allah curse those who give
bribes and receiving bribes and those who give way to both". Based on the arguments presented above clearly proves Islam
strictly prohibits this heinous act. The curse is
not only limited to the recipient and the giver instead anybody also pave
activity that mediates this corruption.
The source of this corruption force a ntara others are:
·
Personal
Weaknesses Like Lack of Fair and Piety.
Someone that knows that corruption is prohibited by
religion and law, but also performed a thousand reasons personal. It is included in the theory
of "Technique of Neutralization" by Grisham Sykes and David Matza.
They say, "Do it as long as there is no corruption
in secret who knows". Want luxurious
life attitude, riya ', pointed, greedy, want to get rich quick and so is the
driving force of this corruption and the weak personality and faith.
·
Weakness of Leadership
and Management of the Organization.
Weak leadership led to a lack of guidance, there is no
monitoring, lack of management, than running errands and open to fraud
particularly corruption and collusion.
·
Social and
cultural.
Community compound nation tribes in Malaysia and Indonesia by practicing
various traditions of gift giving in the form of cash, bonuses and objects,
such as welcoming the days of greatness a day of celebration, assemblies
birthdays, marriage and so forth. A good day gives an opportunity for the practice of corruption
and graft recipients, prompted either corrupt, bought off, bribed or fed
without realized.
·
Modenisasi.
Socio-economic development is not balanced with
spiritual development will facilitate the occurrence of corruption and
collusion. Development
projects proliferated like mushrooms that grow so quickly. Distribution of the money will also increase. Group is involved also took the opportunity to scoop as much
profit. Modern race showed the contractors vying
for a maximum bid and the maximum lot. They will
also be bribed to win the hearts of employees or officials of the management or
decision makers. Corruption is given as a
shortcut to get tender, expedite fees, penalties or release or slow action if
it fails to prepare projects and so forth.
·
Politics.
Half politicians used the opportunity to serve the
community by receiving and giving bribes to get the power, won the election for
political office, to accumulate wealth, collect populeritas and others. The field is a lot of open
opportunities for the practice of corruption and collusion.
f.
Impressions
Corruption Practices and Solutions
Talk about corruption and collusion of corrupt
activities is important because it will cripple any organized trips and
functions of government. With the existence of corruption, no Anybody will be able to
suspect a person's actions or the results of any plans for the future. Progress sesebuah countries depend on scholars, government and professionals. Corruption activities will only erode the trust of the general
populace against the clergy, government in Malaysia and Indonesia.
The impression that most of the symptoms of this
corruption is going to lead to the implementation of the state be topsy-turvy. As a result, it raises other
issues such as economic downturns, neglect the interests of the community, the
lack of discipline of the implementers officials and others. Culture of corruption can destroy implementation and
administration of the country. as is the case in
the Philippines who recorded the history of the fall of the kingdom of
President Marcos of the reins of leadership due to the practice of corruption
is not be stopped and will possibly exist in other countries resulting in
deterioration occurred in the country since the practice of corruption is gives automakers greater latitude.
In addition, there are several steps you can take to
prevent corruption and collusion, among them are:
•
Strengthen Faith and Confirmed
Personality
High faith and personality are the most powerful
bulwark to prevent the symptoms of corruption. If every individual hate it corruption both ordinary
people, leaders, traders, civil servants or the practice of corruption must be
addressed. Power of Faith and personality can
deflect all forms of bribery once anybody who knows nothing and opportunities
open area in front of the eyes.
•
Entering Danger of Corruption
in Education System
Hate to corruption will be internalized within if only
taught and trained from the time schooling again. Educated young people hate
corruption will grow into individual responsible, trustworthy, sincere. The education system will come only form of free generation
rather than any kind of corruption and collusion.
•
Improve Oversight of Law and
Punishment
Prevention of and fight against corruption by
implementing laws need in the steady again that people realize just
how dangerous and serious corruption problems if not prevented and dammed for
the safety and welfare of the people.
In addition, the users of corruption will think many times before trying to corruption
because of severe punishment that would be acceptable and even very burdensome
when entangled with sentence.
•
Facilitate Affairs Using ICT
Processing procedures are lengthy, difficult and slow
needs to be disciplined and excess in eases using ICT.
The use of the form, for instance the interview process
and need to be summarized so as not to burden the people especially the
traders, contractors and growers share. The
process is easy and sincere to avoid the danger of corruption because it does
not need to be bribed or bought off simply to speed up the process of tenders
and so on.
Anwar Ibrahim has said that corruption in
Malaysia took place in secret because if he made clear, he will
be considered as 'civilized'. "(In Indonesia) on the table at the bottom
of the table keep moving". In
Malaysia, it will be something that is fraudulent, uncivilized, and is
considered treason. "But if
you go directly deposited into an account in London or sophistication
Switzeland way there," he said. Anwar insists however that condemn
corruption stance and regard it as
immoral. He added again that the
fight against corruption, demanding a commitment from state leaders. "So we take decisions, we determine that
leaders need to be more assertive."
8.
Conclusion
The issue of corruption is among the most hotly in declaring countries
worldwide including Malaysia and Indonesia is no exception. In 2009,
Malaysia has fallen down nine stairs. According to a report issued by Transparency
International, Malaysia is the current position on the ladder to 56 versus 180
countries in the world. Achievement
corruption index also is 4.5 out of 10, namely 10 is the most corrupt. Three of the most "clean" in the
world are New Zealand, Denmark and Singapore.
Discussion of corruption, or corruption, or religious
concerns about corruption and the country against corruption is always
interesting to discuss because every culprit can be made by individual
persons, groups or institutions, organizations, social, cultural, language,
nation and state, etc. So that it could result in the decadence of the moral,
cultural, social or aqidah. The result weakened the fabric of social life that affect
the principles of justice, equality, fraternity, and equality.(Ahmad
Syafi'i Ma'arif (1996:124).
Symptoms
of corruption on the horizontal line covers almost all branches of power,
whether legislative, executive and judicial. Perched on a vertical line
in each hirakhi corruption of government, from the center of power to the
lowest level. These conditions in
Indonesia entered the age of the legislative increase to the period 2004-2009.
In the third period the age of reform
(2009-2004).
Malaysia to prevent corruption by setting up an agency
to assume responsibility with regard to cases of corruption and collusion. Prevention Corruption Suruhanjaya Malaysia (SPRM) or formerly known
as the Agency for the Prevention of Corruption (BPR) role to assist the government in
resolving corruption cases. They
will deal these cases without thought status, political want
even understanding religion and ancestry. Even though now there is the issue concerning
the way they are saying strategy biased and not following established
procedures so that is where the growth gap bribes that led to corruption.
Moreover,
when examined closely it turns out loopholes of corruption dwell on four main
variables try and describe the author portraits in local government in
Indonesia and Malaysia drew the third head of the region in case of corruption. The fourth variable is
the use of budget revenue and expenditure (budget), procurement, business
licensing, the impact of conflicts of interest for officers in the bureaucracy,
and the excesses that lead to the election expenses return on capital
increases.
The diversity comes
understanding and articulation of social and political orientation differences,
the methods and the ability to understand the content, although all of them
refer to the same source namely religion, nation and state. As a result, the
concepts of governance, territorial empire, the state, and leaders vary greatly
in dealing with corruption issues is well characterized many social and political
orientation. In conclusion, the issue
of corruption and collusion is a bad practice that should be inevitable for the
stability of the country in the interest of all peoples in Malaysia and
Indonesia.
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Yudi, 2012. Corruption Politics Politics and Death. Jakarta: Papers,
MIPI.
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Doni Dkk. 2010. Understanding Handbook Gratification.
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(KPK).
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Siti. 2012. Upaya Pencegahan Tindak Korupsi di Kabupaten Keerom Provinsi
Papua. Bandung.
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Lindsey, Robert Kiltgaard, Ronald Maclean-Abaroa. 2002. Penuntun
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Jeremy, 2002. Strategi Memberantas Korupsi, Elemen Sistem Integritas
Nasional, Jakarta: TII & Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Susan
Rose-Ackerman, 1998. Lessons from Italy for Latin America , Journal
of Public and International Affairs.
Weyland, Kurt. 1998. The
Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy.
Abdul Rahman Sulaiman, rahmansulaiman@yahoo.com, Kuala Lumpur: Mingguan Malaysia.
Karunanithy A/L Y Subbiah.
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ke atas Akhbar Berita Harian
dan The Star. 2010. Projek
Sarjana Sains Sosial (Pengurusan Komunikasi) Fakulti Sains Sosial dan
Kemanusiaan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 2010.
Mohamad,
Muhammad Hisyam (Fellow), 29 November
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http://www.islam.gov.my
http://www.keadilandaily.com/?p=26041
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
3 Susan
Rose-Ackerman, 1998. Lessons
from Italy for Latin America, Journal of Public and International Affairs, p. 447-469.
4 Weyland,
Kurt, 1998. The Politics of
Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy 9, 2,
April.
6 Compare the conclusion of President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono's speech at Anti-Corruption Day commemoration in Semarang, December
9, 2011. The four variables are
sufficiently relevant and close to the growth and development of the
post-reform corruption.
7 The results of the evaluation of NGO FITRA in
2011 at 124 districts / cities' higher personnel expenditure including trips
ranged between 60-70 of the total budget. Lumajang rated the highest with 83%
spending apparatus. Compare the
results of the 2005 evaluation Kemendagri at 125 Regency / City reached 50.3%
average spending apparatus. Can be
estimated in 5 years there is an increase of between 10 to 20 percent.
8 Cases Mayor Manado in 2010 relating to a
fictitious trips when previously served as a member of parliament.
9 Result of
CPC in 2007, among others indicate a cash deficit areas Rp.106, 61 M in East
Aceh. In the District of Purwakarta
fictitious receipt evidence on cost meals daily drink Secretary of Rp.11, 86 M.
In 2009, out of 3051 cases were found to be
present state losses of 9.93 T. Of 556
cases there is a loss of 310.86 areas M. From the results of the assessment are 191 local
CPC Disclaimer rated, 8 Unusual area, 110 area Naturally With exceptions, and
one area with unqualified status (CPC data in 2007 and 2009).
10 Cases of corruption
in the form of bribes licensing can be found in the release of certain land
which is only possible if approved by the head of the region in accordance with
the mining regulations. For this case
to look at Buol Regent Central Sulawesi in 2012 the approval of land with palm
oil company in Jakarta. Some cases the
release of land conflicts such as in Mesuji and Lombok in early 2012.
11 Such cases can be found mostly in East Kalimantan
mining business license until 2011. In
the last 10 years as the mining conflict in Southeast Sulawesi province Bombana
not only between employers and local governments, as well as the surrounding
communities.
12 See cases caught by the KPK in bribe government
district. Bekasi on CPC members to
make the assessment CPC disclaimer.
See also direct the bribery case employers
Buol Regent Central Sulawesi in the management of leasehold (Indopos, July 19,
2012).
13 For this case see the election of North Sulawesi
and South Sulawesi (2010), there is one partner that provides assistance to
people live on one of the TV during the election period lasts. The candidate is not considered a regular aid
money politics.
14 The case of Papua, as reported by Papua Corruption Watch on July 16, 2011 showed that there were 73 cases of
corruption that spread across the districts / cities in Papua and West Papua.
Value of state losses of Rp 200 billion more.
PCW Coordinator said that the findings are
based on reports of alleged corruption that were then followed PCW (internet access, on December 19, 2011).
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